2-acylaminothiazole derivative or salt thereof

ABSTRACT

[Problem] 
     To provide a compound which is useful as an active ingredient for a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating urine storage dysfunction, voiding dysfunction, lower urinary tract dysfunction, and the like. 
     [Means for Solution] 
     The present inventors have found that a thiazole derivative substituted with pyrazinylcarbonylamino at the 2-position is an excellent muscarinic M 3  receptor-positive allosteric modulator and is expected as an agent for preventing or treating bladder/urinary tract diseases associated with bladder contractions via a muscarinic M 3  receptor, thereby completing the present invention. 2-Acylaminothiazole derivative or a salt thereof of the present invention is expected as an agent for preventing or treating bladder/urinary tract diseases associated with bladder contractions via a muscarinic M 3  receptor, for example voiding dysfunction such as underactive bladder.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a 2-acylaminothiazole derivative or a salt thereof which is useful as an active ingredient for a pharmaceutical composition, in particular, a pharmaceutical composition for treating bladder/urinary tract diseases related to bladder contractions via a muscarinic M₃ receptor.

BACKGROUND ART

The important roles of the lower urinary tract are urine storage and voiding, which are regulated by a coordinated action of the bladder and the urethra. That is, during urine storage, the bladder smooth muscle is relaxed and the urethral sphincter is contracted, whereby a state in which urethral resistance is high is maintained and urinary continence is maintained. On the other hand, during voiding, the bladder smooth muscle is contracted, the urethra smooth muscle is relaxed, and contraction of the external urethral sphincter is also inhibited. Examples of the lower urinary tract disorder include urine storage dysfunction such as overactive bladder, in which urine cannot be retained during urine storage, and voiding dysfunction, in which urine cannot be drained sufficiently during voiding due to an increase in the urethral resistance or a decrease in the bladder contractile force. These two disorders may develop simultaneously in some cases.

Voiding dysfunction is caused by a decrease in the bladder contractile force or an increase in urethral resistance during voiding, and causes difficulty in voiding, straining during voiding, a weak urine stream, extension of voiding time, an increase in residual urine, a decrease in voiding efficiency, or the like. The decrease in the bladder contractile force during voiding is referred to as underactive bladder, acontractile bladder, or the like. As a factor causing such a decrease in the bladder contractile force during voiding, for example, aging, diabetes mellitus, benign prostatic hyperplasia, neurological diseases such as Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, neurological disorders by pelvic surgery, and the like have been known (Reviews in Urology, 15: pp. 11-22 (2013)).

As a mechanism to cause bladder contraction during voiding, involvement of muscarinic receptor stimulation has been known. That is, during urination, the pelvic nerve which is a parasympathetic nerve governing the bladder is excited to release acetylcholine from nerve terminals. The released acetylcholine binds to a muscarinic receptor present in the bladder smooth muscle to cause contraction of the bladder smooth muscle (Journal of Pharmacological Sciences, 112: pp. 121-127 (2010)). The muscarinic receptors are currently classified into five subtypes, M₁, M₂, M₃, M₄, and M₅, and it has been known that the subtypes involving the contraction in the bladder smooth muscle is mainly M₃ (Pharmacological Reviews, 50: pp. 279-290 (1998); The Journal of Neuroscience, 22: pp. 10627-10632 (2002)).

As a therapeutic drug for a decrease in bladder contractile force during voiding, bethanechol chloride which is a non-selective muscarinic receptor agonist and distigmine bromide which is a cholinesterase inhibitor have been known. However, it has been known that these drugs have cholinergic side effects such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, and perspiration. In addition, there may be cases where cholinergic crisis is occurred as a serious side effect, which require attention during use (Ubretid (registered trademark), tablet 5 mg, package insert, Torii Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., and Besacholine (registered trademark) powder 5%, package insert, Eisai Co., Ltd.).

On the other hand, as a cause of an increase in urethral resistance, voiding dysfunction associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia has been well-known, which is characterized in that the urethra is partially occluded by nodular enlargement of the prostatic tissue. Currently, an adrenergic a, receptor antagonist has been used as a therapeutic drug for voiding dysfunction associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (Pharmacology, 65: pp. 119-128 (2002)). On the other hand, the effectiveness of the adrenaline α₁ receptor antagonist for voiding dysfunction that is not associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia is unclear, as compared with the effectiveness against voiding dysfunction that is associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (Journal of Pharmacological Sciences, 112: pp. 121-127 (2010)).

Furthermore, for voiding dysfunction caused by a decrease in bladder contractile force or an increase in urethral resistance, residual urine after voiding may be observed in some cases. The increased residual urine may cause a decrease in effective bladder capacity, and thus cause overactive bladder symptoms such as urinary frequency or severe symptoms such as hydronephrosis in some cases.

There has been a demand for a more effective therapeutic drug for such bladder/urethral diseases due to a decrease in the bladder contractile force or an increase in urethral resistance during voiding, or symptoms thereof (Reviews in Urology, 15: pp. 11-22 (2013)).

Patent Document 1 discloses that a compound represented by the following general formula (A) including a compound of the formula (A1) below, which is disclosed in Example 315, has a Ba/F3 cell proliferative activity through a human c-myeloproliferative leukemia virus type P (c-Mpl), and has thrombocyte increasing activity.

(in which R³ represents an aromatic hetero ring which may be substituted, or the like. For the other symbols, refer to the patent publication).

Patent Document 2 discloses that a compound represented by the following general formula (B) has an AMPK pathway activating action.

(in which Ring B represents a heteroarylene or the like, J represents —NR¹³C(O)— or the like, D¹, D² and D³ each represent N, CH, or the like, E represents —NR¹R² or the like, and R^(L) and R² may be combined with an adjacent nitrogen atom to form a heterocycloalkyl which may be substituted. For the other symbols, refer to this publication).

Non-Patent Document 1 discloses that a compound represented by the following formula (C1) is an allosteric enhancer of a muscarinic M₃ receptor.

Non-Patent Document 2 discloses that WIN 62,577 represented by the following formula is a rat NK1 receptor antagonist and, at the same time, an allosteric enhancer of a muscarinic receptor.

RELATED ART Patent Document

-   [Patent Document 1] WO 2005/007651 -   [Patent Document 2] WO 2012/016217 -   [Non-Patent Document 1] Molecular Pharmacology, 55: pp 778-786     (1999) -   [Non-Patent Document 2] Molecular Pharmacology, 62: pp 1492-1505     (2002)

DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION Problems to be Solved by the Invention

The present invention provides a novel compound which is expected as an active ingredient for a pharmaceutical composition, in particular, for a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating bladder/urinary tract diseases associated with bladder contractions via a muscarinic M₃ receptor, which acts as a muscarinic M₃ receptor-positive allosteric modulator.

Means for Solving the Problems

The present inventors have found that a thiazole derivative substituted with pyrazinylcarbonylamino at the 2-position is an excellent muscarinic M₃ receptor-positive allosteric modulator and is expected as an agent for preventing or treating bladder/urinary tract diseases associated with bladder contractions via a muscarinic M₃ receptor, thereby completing the present invention.

That is, the present invention relates to a compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof, and a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof and an excipient.

(wherein

R¹ is —N(—R¹¹)(—R¹²), or cyclic amino which may be substituted,

R¹¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl,

R¹² is C₁₋₆ alkyl which may be substituted, or C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl which may be substituted,

R² is aryl which may be substituted, monocyclic aromatic hetero ring which may be substituted, or bicyclic aromatic hetero ring which may be substituted,

R³'s are the same as or different from each other, and are each C₁₋₆ alkyl,

W is C₁₋₆ alkylene, and

n is an integer of 0 to 4).

Further, unless specifically described otherwise, when symbols in one formula in the present specification are also used in other formulae, same symbols denote same meanings.

Further, Patent Document 1 does not disclose a specific compound which is a compound of the formula (A) wherein R³ is pyrazinyl, and neither discloses nor suggests an action on a muscarinic receptor or an action on bladder/urethral diseases.

Furthermore, Patent Document 2 does not disclose a specific compound which is a compound of the formula (B) wherein ring B is thiazole, and neither discloses nor suggests an action on a muscarinic receptor or an action on bladder/urethral diseases.

Further, the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating bladder/urinary tract diseases associated with bladder contractions via a muscarinic M₃ receptor, comprising the compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof. Furthermore, the present invention relates to an agent for preventing or treating bladder/urinary tract diseases associated with bladder contractions via a muscarinic M₃ receptor, comprising the compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof.

Moreover, the present invention relates to use of the compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof for the manufacture of a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating bladder/urinary tract diseases related to bladder contractions via a muscarinic M₃ receptor; use of the compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof for preventing or treating bladder/urinary tract diseases related to bladder contractions via a muscarinic M₃ receptor, the compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof for preventing or treating bladder/urinary tract diseases related to bladder contractions via a muscarinic M₃ receptor; and a method for preventing or treating bladder/urinary tract diseases related to bladder contractions via a muscarinic M₃ receptor, comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of the compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof. Further, the “subject” is a human or a non-human animal in need of the prevention or treatment, and in one embodiment, a human in need of the prevention or treatment.

Effects of the Invention

The compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof is a muscarinic M₃ receptor-positive allosteric modulator, and can thus be used as an agent for preventing or treating bladder/urinary tract diseases associated with bladder contractions via a muscarinic M₃ receptor.

EMBODIMENTS FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail.

In general, the positive allosteric modulator is a compound which binds to an allosteric site different from a ligand binding site, and has an effect of increasing the affinity of an agonist to a receptor by mainly causing a structural change in a receptor, and thus changing the signal level of agonistic activity. In the living body, the positive allosteric modulator does not exhibit an agonistic effect by itself, and increases the effect of an endogenous agonist. Examples of the advantages of positive allosteric modulator over the agonists include (1) avoiding the side effects since the positive allosteric modulator exhibits an enhancement in the endogenous agonist stimulation dependently, (2) having a possibility of obtaining high subtype selectivity since the positive allosteric modulator binds to a site other than a ligand binding site, and (3) less probability of causing desensitization, which can be seen with the agonists (Pharmacological Reviews, 63: pp. 59-126 (2011)).

In the present specification, the muscarinic M₃ receptor-positive allosteric modulator means a compound which enhances an effect via the muscarinic M₃ receptor by an agonist stimulation-dependent or nerve stimulation-dependent manner. Accordingly, only during voiding, the effect on enhancing bladder contraction is expected and the muscarinic M₃ receptor-positive allosteric modulator is possibly useful as an agent for improving various symptoms associated with voiding dysfunction. Further, by such a specific action during voiding, it is expected that it is possible to avoid cholinergic side effects, known to be induced with bethanechol chloride and distigmine bromide. In addition, since the muscarinic M₃ receptor-positive allosteric modulator increases bladder contractile force during voiding, an effect in voiding dysfunction which is caused by an increase in urethral resistance can also be expected. A decrease in residual urine by such improvement of voiding dysfunction leads to an increase in the effective bladder capacity, and thus, it can be expected to improve urine storage functions as well as to avoid renal disorder. Thus, the muscarinic M₃ receptor-positive allosteric modulator is expected to be useful as an agent for preventing or treating bladder/urinary tract diseases related to bladder contractions via a muscarinic M₃ receptor. The present inventors have newly discovered a compound that acts as the modulator, thereby completing the present invention.

In the present specification, examples of the “bladder/urinary tract diseases associated with bladder contractions via a muscarinic M₃ receptor” include voiding dysfunction or urine storage dysfunction in underactive bladder, hypotonic bladder, acontractile bladder, detrusor underactivity, neurogenic bladder, urethra relaxation failure, detrusor-external urethral sphincter dyssynergia, overactive bladder, urinary frequency, nocturia, urinary incontinence, benign prostatic hyperplasia, interstitial cystitis, chronic prostatitis, urethral calculus, or the like, preferably, voiding dysfunction or urine storage dysfunction in underactivity bladder, hypotonic bladder, acontractile bladder, detrusor underactivity, and neurogenic bladder.

The “alkyl” is linear alkyl and branched alkyl. Accordingly, the “C₁₋₆ alkyl” is linear or branched alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and specific examples thereof include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, or n-hexyl; in one embodiment, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, or tert-butyl, each of which is C₁₋₄ alkyl; in one embodiment, a group selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, and isobutyl; and in one embodiment, a group selected from the group consisting of methyl and ethyl.

The “alkylene” is linear alkylene or branched alkylene. Accordingly, the “C₁₋₆ alkylene” is linear or branched alkylene having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and examples thereof include methylene, ethylene, trimethylene, tetramethylene, pentamethylene, hexamethylene, propylene, methylmethylene, ethylethylene, 1,2-dimethylethylene, or 1,1,2,2-tetramethylethylene; in one embodiment, C₁₋₃ alkylene; in one embodiment, methylene or ethylene; in one embodiment, methylene; and in another embodiment, ethylene.

The “halogeno-C₁₋₆ alkyl” is C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with at least one halogen atom; in one embodiment, C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 1 to 5 halogen atoms; in one embodiment, difluoromethyl or trifluoromethyl; and in one embodiment, trifluoromethyl.

The “cycloalkyl” is a saturated hydrocarbon cyclic group. Accordingly, the “C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl” is a saturated hydrocarbon cyclic group having 3 to 8 ring members, and specific examples thereof include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, or cyclooctyl; in one embodiment, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, each of which is C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl; and in one embodiment, cyclopropyl.

The “aryl” is a C₆₋₁₄ monocyclic to tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbon cyclic group and includes a partially hydrogenated cyclic group thereof, and specific examples thereof include phenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, indanyl, or indenyl; and in one embodiment, phenyl.

The “monocyclic aromatic hetero ring” is a monocyclic aromatic hetero ring group having 5 to 7 ring members, which has 1 to 4 hetero atoms selected from the group consisting of a nitrogen atom, an oxygen atom, and a sulfur atom as a ring-constituting atom, and specific examples thereof include pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, furyl, thienyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, or azepanyl; in one embodiment, thienyl or pyridyl; and in one embodiment, thienyl.

The “bicyclic aromatic hetero ring” is a bicyclic aromatic hetero ring group in which the monocyclic aromatic hetero ring is fused with a benzene ring or monocyclic aromatic hetero ring and includes a partially hydrogenated ring group thereof, and specific examples thereof include indolyl, isoindolyl, indazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothienyl, benzooxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, cinnolinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, naphthyridinyl, furopyridyl, thienopyridyl, indolinyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, dihydrobenzothienyl, dihydroquinolyl, tetrahydroquinolyl, dihydroisoquinolyl, tetrahydroisoquinolyl, dihydrofuropyridyl, or dihydrothienopyridyl; and in one embodiment, benzothienyl.

The “saturated hetero ring” is a 3- to 8-membered saturated ring group, which has 1 to 4 hetero atoms selected from the group consisting of a nitrogen atom, an oxygen atom, and a sulfur atom as a ring-constituting atom, and may be bridged with C₁₋₆ alkylene, in which a sulfur atom as the ring-constituting atom may be oxidized. Specific examples thereof include azepanyl, diazepanyl, oxazepanyl, thiazepanyl, aziridinyl, azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, piperazinyl, azocanyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiazolindinyl, isothiazolindinyl, oxazolindinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, oxathioranyl, oxiranyl, oxetanyl, dioxiranyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, and 1,4-dioxanyl.

The “cyclic amino” is a 4- to 7-membered group having a bond at a ring-constituting nitrogen atom in the saturated hetero ring. Specific examples thereof include aziridin-1-yl, azetidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, piperidin-1-yl, azepan-1-yl, azocan-1-yl, morpholin-4-yl, thiomorpholin-4-yl, piperazin-1-yl, 1,4-diazepan-1-yl, 1,4-oxazepan-4-yl, or 1,4-thiazepan-4-yl; in one embodiment, pyrrolidin-1-yl, piperidin-1-yl, azetidin-1-yl, morpholin-4-yl, or piperazin-1-yl; and in one embodiment, pyrrolidin-1-yl or piperidin-1-yl.

The “halogen” means fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo; in one embodiment, fluoro, chloro, or bromo; in one embodiment, fluoro or chloro; in one embodiment, fluoro; and in another embodiment, chloro.

In the present specification, the expression “which may be substituted” means “which is not substituted” or “which is substituted with 1 to 5 substituents”. Further, if it has a plurality of substituents, the substituents may be the same as or different from each other.

Examples of the acceptable substituent in the “cyclic amino which may be substituted”, the “C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl which may be substituted”, the “aryl which may be substituted”, the “monocyclic aromatic hetero ring which may be substituted”, and the “bicyclic aromatic hetero ring which may be substituted” include substituents in the following Group G.

Group G

(a) C₁₋₆ alkyl which may be substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of —OH, —O—(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —CN, —SO₂—(C₁₋₆ alkyl), and halogen,

(b) —OH,

(c) —O—(C₁₋₆ alkyl which may be substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of —OH, —O—(C₄— alkyl), —CN, —SO₂—(C₁₋₆ alkyl), and halogen),

(d) C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl,

(e) —O—(C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl),

(f) halogen,

(g) —CN,

(h) —SO₂—(C₁₋₆ alkyl),

(i) —CO₂—(C₁₋₆ alkyl) and —COOH,

(j) —CO—N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —CO—NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), and —CONH₂,

(k) —CO—(C₁₋₆ alkyl),

(l) —SO₂—N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —SO₂—NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), and —SO₂NH₂,

(m) —N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), and —NH₂,

(n) a saturated hetero ring, and

(o) —O-saturated hetero ring.

Examples of the substituent in the “cyclic amino which may be substituted” further include oxo (═O).

In addition, the preferable substituents in the “C₁₋₆ alkyl which may be substituted” are the substituents described in (b) to (o) of Group G above.

Examples of the preferable substituents for the “cyclic amino which may be substituted” in R¹ include, in one embodiment, the substituents described in (a) to (c), (f), and (g) of Group G above; in one embodiment, C₁₋₆ alkyl which may be substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of —OH, —O—(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —CN, —SO₂—(C₁₋₆ alkyl), and halogen; in one embodiment, a group selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ alkyl and halogeno-C₁₋₆ alkyl; and in one embodiment, a group selected from the group consisting of methyl and ethyl.

Examples of the preferable substituents for the “C₁₋₆ alkyl which may be substituted” in R¹² include, in one embodiment, the substituents described in (b) to (g), and (n) of Group G above; in one embodiment, a group selected from the group consisting of C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —O—(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —O—(C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl), halogen, —CN, and cyclic amino; in one embodiment, a group selected from the group consisting of C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl and —O—(C₁₋₆ alkyl); and in one embodiment, a group selected from the group consisting of cyclopropyl and methoxy.

Examples of the preferable substituents for the “C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl which may be substituted” in R¹² include, in one embodiment, the substituents described in (a) to (c), (f), and (g) of Group G above; and in one embodiment, C₁₋₆ alkyl which may be substituted with —O—(C₁₋₆ alkyl).

Examples of the preferable substituents for the “aryl which may be substituted” in R² include, in one embodiment, the substituents described in (a) to (d), (f), (g), and (n) of Group G above; in one embodiment, a group selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogeno-C₁₋₆ alkyl, —O—(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —O-(halogeno-C₁₋₆ alkyl), halogen, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —CN; in one embodiment, a group selected from the group consisting of halogeno-C₁₋₆ alkyl and halogen; and in one embodiment, a group selected from the group consisting of trifluoromethyl and fluoro.

Examples of the preferable substituents for the “monocyclic aromatic hetero ring which may be substituted” and “bicyclic aromatic hetero ring which may be substituted” in R² include, in one embodiment, the substituents described in (a) to (d), (f), (g), and (n) of Group G above; in one embodiment, a group selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogeno-C₁₋₆ alkyl, —O—(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —O-(halogeno-C₁₋₆ alkyl), halogen, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —CN; in one embodiment, a group selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogeno-C₁₋₆ alkyl, —O—(C₁₋₆ alkyl), C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and halogen; in one embodiment, a group selected from the group consisting of halogeno-C₁₋₆ alkyl, —O—(C₁₋₆ alkyl), and halogen; and in one embodiment, a group selected from the group consisting of trifluoromethyl, methoxy, and chloro.

One embodiment of the compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof is shown below.

(1-1)

The compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof, in which

R¹ is

i. cyclic amino which may be substituted with 1 to 5 substituents selected from the group consisting of Group G and oxo, or

ii. —N(—R¹¹)(—R¹²),

R¹¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl, and

R¹² is C₁₋₆ alkyl which may be substituted with 1 to 5 substituents selected from the substituents described in (b) to (o) of Group G, or C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl which may be substituted with 1 to 5 substituents selected from Group G.

(1-2)

The compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof, in which

R¹ is

i. cyclic amino which may be substituted with 1 to 5 substituents selected from the group consisting of Group G and oxo, or

ii. —N(—R¹¹)(—R¹²),

R¹¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl, and

R¹² is C₁₋₆ alkyl which may be substituted with 1 to 3 substituents selected from the substituents described in (b) to (g), and (n) of Group G.

(1-3)

The compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof, in which

R¹ is

i. pyrrolidin-1-yl or piperidin-1-yl, in which pyrrolidin-1-yl and piperidin-1-yl are each substituted with 1 to 2 substituents selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ alkyl and halogeno-C₁₋₆ alkyl, or

ii. —N(—R¹¹)(—R¹²), in which

R¹¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl, and

R¹² is C₁₋₆ alkyl which may be substituted with one group selected from the group consisting of C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl and —O—(C₁₋₆ alkyl).

(1-4)

The compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof, in which R¹ is cyclic amino substituted with 1 to 2 groups selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ alkyl and halogeno-C₁₋₆ alkyl.

(1-5)

The compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof, in which R¹ is pyrrolidin-1-yl or piperidin-1-yl, in which pyrrolidin-1-yl and piperidin-1-yl may be substituted with 1 to 3 substituents selected from Group G.

(1-6)

The compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof, in which R¹ is pyrrolidin-1-yl or piperidin-1-yl, in which pyrrolidin-1-yl and piperidin-1-yl are each substituted with 1 to 2 groups selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ alkyl and halogeno-C₁₋₆ alkyl.

(1-7)

The compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof, in which R¹ is pyrrolidin-1-yl substituted with 1 to 2 groups selected from the group consisting of methyl and ethyl.

(1-8)

The compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof, in which

R¹ is —N(—R¹¹)(—R¹²),

R¹¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl, and

R¹² is C₁₋₆ alkyl which may be substituted with a group selected from the group consisting of C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl and —O—(C₁₋₆ alkyl).

(1-9)

The compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof, in which

R¹ is —N(—R¹¹)(—R¹²),

R¹¹ is methyl, ethyl, or isopropyl, and

R¹² is methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, cyclopropylmethyl, or methoxyethyl.

(2-1)

The compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof, in which

R² is

i. aryl which may be substituted with 1 to 5 substituents selected from Group G,

ii. monocyclic aromatic hetero ring which may be substituted with 1 to 5 substituents selected from Group G, or

iii. bicyclic aromatic hetero ring which may be substituted with 1 to 5 substituents selected from Group G.

(2-2)

The compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof, in which

R² is

i. phenyl which may be substituted with 1 to 5 substituents selected from Group G,

ii. thienyl which may be substituted with 1 to 3 substituents selected from Group G

iii. pyridyl which may be substituted with 1 to 3 substituents selected from Group G, or

iv. benzothienyl which may be substituted with 1 to 5 substituents selected from Group G.

(2-3)

The compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof, in which

R² is

i. phenyl which may be substituted with 1 to 3 groups selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogeno-C₁₋₆ alkyl, —O—(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —O-(halogeno-C₁₋₆ alkyl), halogen, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —CN,

ii. thienyl which may each be substituted with 1 to 3 groups selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogeno-C₁₋₆ alkyl, —O—(C₁₋₆ alkyl), C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and halogen,

iii. pyridyl which may each be substituted with 1 to 3 groups selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogeno-C₁₋₆ alkyl, —O—(C₁₋₆ alkyl), C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and halogen, or

iv. benzothienyl.

(2-4)

The compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof, in which

R² is

i. phenyl di-substituted with trifluoromethyl and fluoro,

ii. thienyl mono-substituted with trifluoromethyl or chloro, or

iii. pyridyl di-substituted with trifluoromethyl and methoxy.

(2-5)

The compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof, in which R² is a monocyclic aromatic hetero ring which may be substituted with 1 to 3 groups selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogeno-C₁₋₆ alkyl, —O—(C₁₋₆ alkyl), C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and halogen.

(2-6)

The compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof, in which

R² is

i. thienyl which may be substituted with 1 to 3 groups selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogeno-C₁₋₆ alkyl, —O—(C₁₋₆ alkyl), C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and halogen, or

ii. pyridyl which may be substituted with 1 to 3 groups selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogeno-C₁₋₆ alkyl, —O—(C₁₋₆ alkyl), C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and halogen.

(2-7)

The compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof, in which R² is thienyl which may be substituted with 1 to 3 groups selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogeno-C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and halogen.

(2-8)

The compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof, in which R² is thienyl which may be substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from the group consisting of halogeno-C₁₋₆ alkyl and halogen.

(2-9)

The compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof, in which R² is thienyl which may be substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from the group consisting of trifluoromethyl and chloro.

(2-10)

The compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof, in which R² is thienyl mono-substituted with trifluoromethyl or chloro.

(2-11)

The compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof, in which R² is pyridyl which may be substituted with 1 to 3 groups selected from the group consisting of halogeno-C₁₋₆ alkyl and —O—(C₁₋₆ alkyl).

(2-12)

The compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof, in which R² is phenyl which may be substituted with 1 to 5 groups selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogeno-C₁₋₆ alkyl, —O—(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —O-(halogeno-C₁₋₆ alkyl), halogen, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —CN.

(2-13)

The compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof, in which R² is phenyl which may be substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from the group consisting of halogeno-C₁₋₆ alkyl and halogen.

(2-14)

The compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof, in which

R² is

i. thienyl which may be substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from the group consisting of halogeno-C₁₋₆ alkyl and halogen, or

ii. phenyl which may be substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from the group consisting of halogeno-C₁₋₆ alkyl and halogen.

(3-1)

The compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof, in which R³'s are the same as or different from each other, and are each C₁₋₆ alkyl.

(3-2)

The compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof, in which R³ is methyl.

(4-1)

The compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof, in which W is C₁₋₆ alkylene.

(4-2)

The compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof, in which W is C₁₋₃ alkylene.

(4-3)

The compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof, in which W is methylene or ethylene.

(4-4)

The compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof, in which W is methylene.

(4-5)

The compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof, in which W is ethylene.

(5-1)

The compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof, in which n is an integer of 0 to 4.

(5-2)

The compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof, in which n is an integer of 0 to 2.

(5-3)

The compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof, in which n is 0 or 1.

(6) The compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof, which is a combination of any two or more of the groups, which are not inconsistent with each other, among some embodiments of each group described in (1-1) to (5-3) above. Examples thereof include the compounds or salts thereof shown below.

(6-1)

The compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof, in which

R¹ is as described in (1-2) above,

R² is as described in (2-2) above,

R³ is as described in (3-1) above,

W is as described in (4-1) above, and

n is as described in (5-1) above.

(6-2)

The compound or a salt thereof as described in (6-1) above, in which

R¹ is as described in (1-3) above,

R² is as described in (2-3) above,

W is as described in (4-2) above, and

n is as described in (5-3) above.

(6-3)

The compound or a salt thereof as described in (6-2) above, in which

R² is as described in (2-4) above, and

W is as described in (4-3) above.

(6-4)

The compound or a salt thereof as described in (6-2) above, in which

R¹ is as described in (1-6) above,

R² is as described in (2-14) above, and

W is as described in (4-3) above.

Examples of the specific compounds included in the present invention include the following compounds or salts thereof:

-   3-[(2S)-4-(5-{[4-(4-chlorothiophen-2-yl)-5-{[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]carbamoyl}pyrazin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]propanoic     acid, -   3-[(3R)-4-{5-[(4-[3-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-{[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl]pyrazin-2-yl}-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl]propanoic     acid, -   [(3R)-4-{5-[(4-[3-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-{[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl]pyrazin-2-yl}-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl]acetic     acid, -   3-(4-{5-[(4-[3-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-{[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl]pyrazin-2-yl}piperazin-1-yl)propanoic     acid, -   3-[(2R)-4-(5-{[4-(4-chlorothiophen-2-yl)-5-{[(2R)-2-ethylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]carbamoyl}pyrazin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]propanoic     acid, -   3-[(3R)-3-methyl-4-{5-[(5-{[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl)}-4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)thiophen-2-yl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl]pyrazin-2-yl}piperazin-1-yl]propanoic     acid, -   3-(4-{5-[(5-{[(2R,5R)-2,5-dimethylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-4-[3-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl]pyrazin-2-yl}piperazin-1-yl)propanoic     acid, and -   3-{(2R)-4-[5-({5-[(diethylamino)methyl]-4-[3-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl}carbamoyl)pyrazin-2-yl]-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl}propanoic     acid.

In another embodiment, examples of the specific compounds included in the present invention include the following compounds or salts thereof:

-   3-[(3S)-4-(5-{[4-(4-chlorothiophen-2-yl)-5-{[(2R)-2-ethylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]carbamoyl}pyrazin-2-yl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl]propanoic     acid, -   3-(4-{5-[(4-[6-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]-5-{[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl]pyrazin-2-yl}piperazin-1-yl)propanoic     acid, -   3-[4-(5-{[4-(4-chlorothiophen-2-yl)-5-{[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]carbamoyl}pyrazin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]propanoic     acid, -   [(3R)-4-(5-{[4-(4-chlorothiophen-2-yl)-5-{[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]carbamoyl}pyrazin-2-yl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl]acetic     acid, -   3-[4-(5-{[4-(4-chlorothiophen-2-yl)-5-{[(2R)-2-ethylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]carbamoyl}pyrazin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]propanoic     acid, -   3-(4-{5-[(4-[3-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-{[isobutyl(methyl)amino]methyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl]pyrazin-2-yl}piperazin-1-yl)propanoic     acid, -   3-[(2R)-4-(5-{[4-(4-chlorothiophen-2-yl)-5-{[(cyclopropylmethyl)(methyl)amino]methyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]carbamoyl}pyrazin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]propanoic     acid, -   3-(4-{5-[(5-{[(2R,5R)-2,5-dimethylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-thiophen-2-yl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl]pyrazin-2-yl}piperazin-1-yl)propanoic     acid, -   {(3R)-4-[5-({5-[(diethylamino)methyl]-4-[3-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl}carbamoyl)pyrazin-2-yl]-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl}acetic     acid, and -   (4-{5-[(5-{[(2R,5R)-2,5-dimethylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-4-[3-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl]pyrazin-2-yl}piperazin-1-yl)acetic     acid.

With regard to the compound of the formula (I), tautomers or geometrical isomers thereof may exist, depending on the kinds of the substituents. In the present specification, the compound of the formula (I) may be described in only one form of isomers in some cases, but the present invention includes other isomers, isolated forms of the isomers, or a mixture thereof.

Furthermore, some of the compounds of the formula (I) may have asymmetric carbon atoms or asymmetries in some cases, and correspondingly, the optical isomers thereof can exist. The present invention includes the isolated form of the optical isomer of the compound of the formula (I) or a mixture thereof.

In addition, a pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug of the compound represented by the formula (I) is also included in the present invention. The pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug refers to a compound having a group which can be converted into an amino group, a hydroxyl group, a carboxyl group, or the like, by solvolysis or under a physiological condition. Examples of the groups forming the prodrug include those as described in Prog. Med., 5, 2157-2161 (1985) or “Pharmaceutical Research and Development” (Hirokawa Publishing Company, 1990), vol. 7, Drug Design, 163-198.

Moreover, the salt of the compound of the formula (I) is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of the formula (I), and the compounds of the formula (I) may form an acid addition salt or a salt with a base, depending on the kinds of the substituents in some cases. Specifically, examples thereof include acid addition salts with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and phosphoric acid, and with organic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid, propanoic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, mandelic acid, tartaric acid, dibenzoyl tartaric acid, ditolyl tartaric acid, citric acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid, and salts with metal anions such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and aluminum, and with organic bases such as methylamine, ethylamine, and ethanolamine, salts with various amino acids such as acetyl leucine, lysine, and omithine, or derivatives of amino acids, ammonium salts, and others.

In addition, the present invention also includes various hydrates or solvates, and crystal polymorph substances of the compound of the formula (I) and a salt thereof. In addition, the present invention also includes the compounds labeled with various radioactive or non-radioactive isotopes.

(Production Process)

The compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof can be prepared by applying various known synthetic methods, using the characteristics based on their basic structures or the kinds of the substituents. At this time, depending on the types of the functional groups, it is in some cases effective from the viewpoint of the preparation techniques to protect the functional group with an appropriate protective group (a group which is capable of being easily converted into the functional group), during the steps from starting materials to intermediates. Examples of the protective group include the protective groups as described in “Greene's Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis (4th edition, 2006)”, edited by P. G. M. Wuts and T. W. Greene, and the like, which may be appropriately selected and used depending on the reaction conditions. In these methods, a desired compound can be obtained by introducing the protective group to carry out the reaction, and then, if desired, removing the protective group.

In addition, the prodrug of the compound of the formula (I) can be prepared by introducing a specific group during the steps from starting materials to intermediates, in the same manner as for the above protective groups, or by further carrying out the reaction using the obtained compound of the formula (I). The reaction can be carried out by applying a method known to a person skilled in the art, such as common esterification, amidation, and dehydration.

Hereinbelow, typical preparation methods of the compound of the formula (I) and the compound of the formula (a) which is the starting compound will be described. Each of the production processes can also be carried out with reference to the documents appended to the description herein. Further, the preparation methods of the present invention are not limited to the examples as shown below.

(Production Process 1)

(in which, R represents C₁₋₆ alkyl, which shall apply hereinafter).

This reaction is a method for producing a compound of the formula (I) which is a compound of the present invention, by deprotecting a compound of the formula (a).

This reaction is carried out using the compound of the formula (a) and a deprotecting reagent in equivalent amounts, or either thereof in an excess amount, by stirring the mixture under the temperature condition ranging from under cooling to heating to reflux, usually for 0.1 hours to 5 days, in a solvent which is inert to the reaction or without a solvent. Examples of the solvent used herein are not particularly limited, but include alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, n-propanol and the like, N,N-dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, and the like. Further, there are some cases where a mixed solvent of the solvent and water is highly suitable for the reaction. Examples of the deprotecting reagent are not particularly limited, but include bases such as an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, an aqueous potassium hydroxide solution and the like, and acids such as hydrochloric acid, trifluoroacetic acid and the like.

(Production Process 2)

(in which, L¹ represents a leaving group, which shall apply hereinafter).

This production process is a method for producing the compound of the formula (a) which is a starting material of the compound of the formula (I). Here, examples of L¹ include chloro and the like.

(Step 1)

This step is a step of preparing a compound of the formula (d) by subjecting a compound of the formula (b) and a compound of the formula (c) to an amidation reaction.

The reaction is carried out using the formula (b) and the compound of the formula (c) in equivalent amounts, or either thereof in an excess amount, by stirring the mixture under the temperature condition ranging from under cooling to under heating, preferably at −20° C. to 60° C., usually for 0.1 hours to 5 days, in a solvent which is inert to the reaction, in the presence of a condensing agent. Examples of the solvent used herein are not particularly limited, but include aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, xylene and the like, halogenated hydrocarbons such as dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, chloroform and the like, ethers such as diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, cyclopentylmethyl ether and the like, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, water, and a mixture thereof. Examples of the condensing reagent include 1-(3-dimethylamino propyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide or a hydrochloride thereof, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole, diphenylphosphoric azide, phosphorous oxychloride, N-[({[(1Z)-1-cyano-2-ethoxy-2-oxoethylidene]amino}oxy)morpholin-4-yl)methylene]-N-methylmethanaminium hexafluorophosphate (COMU), and the like, but are not limited thereto. It may be preferable in some cases for the reaction to use an additive (for example, 1-hydroxybenzotriazole), and it may be advantageous in some cases for the smooth progress of the reaction to carry out the reaction in the presence of an organic base such as triethylamine, N,N-diisopropylethylamine, N-methylmorpholine and the like, or an inorganic base such as potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium hydroxide and the like.

Furthermore, a method in which the carboxylic acid (c) is converted to a reactive derivative thereof, and then the reactive derivative is reacted with the amine (b) can also be used. Examples of the reactive derivative of the carboxylic acid include acid halides obtained by the reaction with a halogenating agent such as phosphorus oxychloride, thionyl chloride or the like, mixed acid anhydrides obtained by the reaction with isobutyl chloroformate or the like, and active esters obtained by condensation with 1-hydroxybenzotriazole or the like. The reaction of these reactive derivatives and the compound (b) can be carried out under the temperature condition ranging from under cooling to under heating, preferably at −20° C. to 60° C., in a solvent which is inert to the reaction, such as halogenated hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, ethers and the like.

REFERENCES

-   “Organic Functional Group Preparations” written by S. R. Sandler     and W. Karo, 2^(nd) edition, Vol. 1, Academic Press Inc., 1991 -   “Courses in Experimental Chemistry (5^(th) edition)” edited by The     Chemical Society of Japan, Vol. 16 (2005) (Maruzen).

(Step 2)

This step is a step of preparing a compound of the formula (f) by reacting a compound of the formula (d) with a compound of the formula (e).

This reaction is carried out using the formula (d) and the compound of the formula (e) in equivalent amounts, or either thereof in an excess amount, by stirring the mixture under the temperature condition ranging from under cooling to under heating to reflux, preferably at 0° C. to 80° C., usually for 0.1 hours to 5 days, in a solvent which is inert to the reaction or without a solvent. Examples of the solvent used herein are not particularly limited, but include aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, xylene and the like, ethers such as diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, 1,2-dimethoxyethane and the like, halogenated hydrocarbons such as dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, chloroform and the like, N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethylsulfoxide, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, and a mixture thereof. It may be advantageous in some cases for the smooth progress of the reaction to carry out the reaction in the presence of an organic base such as triethylamine, N,N-diisopropylethylamine, N-methylmorpholine and the like, or an inorganic base such as potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium hydroxide and the like.

REFERENCES

-   “Organic Functional Group Preparations” written by S. R. Sandler     and W. Karo, 2^(nd) edition, Vol. 1, Academic Press Inc., 1991 -   “Courses in Experimental Chemistry (5^(th) edition)” edited by The     Chemical Society of Japan, Vol. 14 (2005) (Maruzen).

(Step 3)

This step is a step of preparing a compound of the formula (g) by introducing an acetoxymethyl group into the 5-position of thiazole in the compound of the formula (f). The compound of the formula (f) is reacted with an aqueous formaldehyde solution or paraformaldehyde in the presence of an acetic acid solvent, which can be carried out under the temperature condition ranging from at room temperature to under heating to reflux. Further, the reaction can also be carried out by adding acetic acid into a solvent which is inert to the reaction, such as halogenated hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, ethers and the like, instead of the acetic acid solvent. In addition, the reaction can also be carried out by further adding acetic anhydride.

(Step 4)

This step is a step of preparing a compound of the formula (a) by reacting a compound of the formula (g) with a compound of the formula (h) under a basic condition. The present reaction can be carried out by reacting the compound of the formula (g) with the compound of the formula (h) in the presence of an organic base such as triethylamine and N,N-diisopropylethylamine, in an organic solvent which is inert to the reaction, such as halogenated hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, ethers, esters, acetonitrile, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, N-methylpyrrolidone and the like. Further, the compound of the formula (h) may also used in an excess amount instead of the organic base. The reaction can be carried out under the temperature condition ranging from under cooling to at room temperature; from at room temperature to under heating; or from at room temperature to under refluxing.

In addition, the compound of the formula (a) can be directly obtained while not isolating the compound of the formula (g) by adding the compound of the formula (h) into the reaction mixture of Step 3.

(Production Process 3)

(in which, P¹ and P² each represent a protective group, and L² represents a leaving group).

This production process is another preparation method for the compound of the formula (a), which is a starting material of the compound of the formula (I). Here, as the protective groups represented by P¹ and P², the groups of amino groups described in “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis” written by Wuts and Greene, 4^(th) edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2006, and the like can be used. Examples of the P¹ include acetyl, trifluoroacetyl and the like, examples of P² include t-butoxycarbonyl and the like, and examples of L² include bromo and the like.

(Step 1)

This step is a step of protecting the amino group of the compound (b). Here, the present reaction can be carried out with reference to “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis” written by Wuts and Greene, 4^(th) edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2006.

(Step 2)

This step is a step of preparing a compound of the formula (k) by introducing an acetoxymethyl group into the 5-position of thiazole in a compound of the formula (j). The reaction conditions are the same as in Step 3 of Production Process 2.

(Step 3)

This step is a step of preparing a compound of the formula (m) by reacting a compound of the formula (h) and a compound of the formula (k) under a basic condition. The reaction conditions are the same as in Step 4 of Production Process 2.

(Step 4)

This step is a step of deprotecting a protective group P¹ of an amino group of the compound (m). Here, the present reaction can be carried out with reference to “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis” written by Wuts and Greene, 4^(th) edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2006.

(Step 5)

This step is a step of obtaining a compound of the formula (q) by subjecting a compound of the formula (o) and a compound of the formula (p) to an amidation reaction. The reaction conditions are the same as in Step 1 of Production Process 2.

(Step 6)

This step is a step of preparing a compound of the formula (s) by reacting a compound of the formula (q) with a compound of the formula (r). The reaction conditions are the same as in Step 2 of Production Process 2.

(Step 7)

This step is a step of deprotecting a protective group P² of a compound of the formula (s).

This step can be carried out with reference to “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis” written by Wuts and Greene, 4^(th) edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2006”.

(Step 8)

This step is a step of obtaining the compound of the formula (a) by reacting a compound of the formula (t) and a compound of the formula (u). The present reaction is carried out using the compound (t) and the compound (u) in equivalent amounts, or either thereof in an excess amount, and stirring the mixture under the temperature condition ranging from under cooling to under heating to reflux, preferably at 0° C. to 100° C., usually for 0.1 hours to 5 days, in a solvent which is inert to the reaction, or without a solvent. Examples of the solvent used herein are not particularly limited, but include aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, xylene and the like, ethers such as diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, 1,2-dimethoxyethane and the like, halogenated hydrocarbons such as dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, chloroform and the like, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, N-methylpyrrolidone, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, and a mixture thereof. It may be advantageous in some cases for the smooth progress of the reaction to carry out the reaction in the presence of an organic base such as triethylamine, N,N-diisopropylethylamine, N-methylmorpholine and the like, or an inorganic base such as potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium hydroxide and the like.

REFERENCES

-   “Organic Functional Group Preparations” written by S. R. Sandler     and W. Karo, 2^(nd) edition, Vol. 1, Academic Press Inc., 1991 -   “Courses in Experimental Chemistry (5^(th) edition)” edited by The     Chemical Society of Japan, Vol. 14 (2005) (Maruzen).

The compound of the formula (I) is isolated and purified as its free compound, or a salt, a hydrate, a solvate, or crystal polymorph substance thereof. The salt of the compound of the formula (I) can also be prepared by a conventional method.

Isolation and purification are carried out by employing general chemical operations such as extraction, fractional crystallization, and various types of fractional chromatography.

Various isomers can be prepared by selecting appropriate starting compound, or separated by separation using differences in the physicochemical properties among the isomers. For example, the optical isomers can be obtained by means of general optical resolution methods of racemic compounds (for example, fractional crystallization introducing the compound into a diastereomer salt with an optically active base or acid; chromatography using a chiral column or the like; and others), or can also be prepared from appropriate optically active starting compound.

The pharmacological activity of the compound of the formula (I) was confirmed by the following test.

Test Example 1: Evaluation of Muscarinic M₃ Receptor Positive Allosteric Modulator Activity

a) Construction of Vector Expressing Human Muscarinic M₃ Receptor

A human muscarinic M₃ receptor gene (GenBank Accession No.: NM_000740.2) was introduced into an expression vector pcDNA3.1™ (Life Technologies).

b) Construction of Cells Stably Expressing Human Muscarinic M₃ Receptor

A vector expressing a human muscarinic M₃ receptor was introduced into a CHO-K1 cell (ATCC No.: CCL-61). The introduction was carried out according to the attached instructions, using a transfection reagent, Lipofectoamine (registered trademark) 2000 Reagent (Life Technologies). The cells were incubated in an alpha Modified Eagle Minimum Essential Medium (α-MEM) including 2 mM glutamine, 10% fetal bovine serum, and 2.0 mg/mL Geneticin (registered trademark) (Life Technologies) for 4 weeks to acquire a drug-resistant clone.

c) Measurement of Intracellular Ca²⁺ Concentration

The cells obtained in b) above were suspended in an α-MEM including 2 mM glutamine, 10% fetal bovine serum, and 0.2 mg/mL Geneticin (registered trademark) to the amount from 1.2 to 1.5×10⁴ cells/well the day before the experiment, dispensed into a 384-well plate (Model No. 355962, BD Biosciences), and incubated overnight at 37° C. and 5% CO₂. The medium was replaced with a loading buffer (an assay buffer (Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS), 1 g/L BSA, 20 mM HEPES (pH 7.5), and 2.5 mM probenecid), including 3.1 μM Fluo 4-AM (Dojindo Laboratories) and incubated for about 2 hours at room temperature. Thereafter, the cells were washed with a plate washer ELx405™ (BIO-TEK Instrument, Inc.) set with the assay buffer, and set in an intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration measuring system (FLIPR^(tetra) (registered trademark), Molecular Device Co.). The test substances (final concentration of 1 μM or 10 μM) and carbachol (Sigma, final concentration of 0.0024 nM to 10 μM) which had each been dissolved in the assay buffer in advance were set in a FLIPR^(tetra) (registered trademark). The test substances were added to the cells in the device and after about 5 minutes, carbachol was added to the cells. An increase rate of the intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration by carbachol was measured (excitement wavelength of 470 nm to 495 nm and a fluorescence wavelength of 515 nm to 575 nm).

For the muscarinic M₃ receptor-positive allosteric modulator activity, a shift toward a lower concentration side of a carbachol concentration-response curve by the test substance was used as an index. That is, a minimum value in the carbachol response was taken as 0%; a maximum value in the carbachol response was taken as 100% from the concentration-response curve of carbachol; the carbachol concentration exhibiting a 50% response was calculated as an EC₅₀ value, using a Sigmoid-Emax model non-linear regression method, and thus, the muscarinic M₃ receptor-positive allosteric modulator activity was determined by dividing the EC₅₀ value of carbachol in the absence of the test substance by the EC₅₀ value of carbachol in the presence of the test substance. For example, when the EC₅₀ value of carbachol in the absence of the test substance was 0.1 μM and the EC₅₀ value of carbachol in the presence of the test substance was 0.01 μM, the value of the muscarinic M₃ receptor-positive allosteric modulator activity becomes 10, showing that the test substance causes a 10-fold shift in the EC₅₀ value toward to the low concentration side. In Tables below, the columns of 10 μM (-fold shift) show the values in a case where the test substance is added to a final concentration of 10 μM and the columns of 1 μM (-fold shift) show the values in a case where the test substance is added to a final concentration of 1 μM.

Test Example 2: Evaluation of Human c-Mpl-Introduced Ba/F3 Cell Proliferative Activity

The human c-Mpl-introduced Ba/F3 cell proliferation action was measured by the following method.

As a positive control, 1-(5-{[4-(4-chlorothiophen-2-yl)-5-{[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]carbamoyl}-3-fluoropyridin-2-yl)piperidine-4-carboxylic acid hydrochloride disclosed as Example 315 in Patent Document 1, represented by the formula (A1) above, was used. Further, it is known that the compound has a good human c-Mpl-introduced Ba/F3 cell proliferative activity as disclosed in Table 1 in Patent Document 1.

a) Construction of Vector Expressing Human c-Mpl Receptor

A human c-Mpl receptor gene (GenBank Accession No.: M90102.1) was transfected into an expression vector pEF-BOS (Nucleic Acids Research, 18: pp 5322 (1990)).

b) Construction of Cell Stably Expressing Human c-Mpl Receptor

A vector expressing a human c-Mpl receptor was introduced into a Ba/F3 cell (RIKEN BRC: RCB0805). For the introduction, an electroporation method was used. pEF-BOS-c-mpl (10 μg), pSV2bsr (1 μg, Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) and 1×10⁷ of Ba/F3 cells were put into cuvettes with a gap width of 0.4 cm and electroporated under a condition of 1.5 kV (25 μF) in a Gene Pulser (registered trademark) (BioRad). The cells were incubated in an RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with a 0.5% WEHI conditioned medium (BD Biosciences) and 10% fetal bovine serum for 3 days, and thereafter, and the cells were incubated for 30 days in an RPMI-1640 medium, to which 10 μg/mL blasticidin had been further added, thereby acquiring a drug-resistant clone.

c) Measurement of Cell Proliferative Activity

The cells obtained in b) above were dispensed into an RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with a 0.5% WEHI conditioned medium and 10% fetal bovine serum, and used. The day before the experiment, the test substances (final concentration of 100 nM to 10 μM) which had been dissolved in a medium for assay (an RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum) were added to a 384-well plate (Model No. 781185, Greiner bio-one). The cells after the medium had been replaced with the medium for assay were dispensed to a 384-well plate to which the test substance had been added, to 1×10⁴ cells/well, and incubated overnight at 37° C. and 5% CO₂. On the experiment day, a solution of a Cell counting kit (Dojindo Laboratories) was added to each well of the 384-well plate, and the cells were incubated for about 5 hours at 37° C. and 5% CO₂. Thereafter, the absorbance (an absorbance wavelength of 450 nm) of each well was measured using Safire² (registered trademark) (TECAN), and used as an index for the number of cells. Further, as a negative control, a well to which the test substances had not been added was prepared.

By taking the absorbance of the well to which the test substance had been not added as 0% and taking the absorbance in a case where the positive control had been added to a final concentration of 1 μM as 100%, a cell proliferation rate (%) was calculated from the absorbance of the well to which the test substance had been added. From the obtained results, the test substance concentration exhibiting 30% proliferation by a Sigmoid-Emax model non-linear regression method was calculated as an EC₃₀ value.

Combinations of the muscarinic M₃ receptor-positive allosteric modulator activity (-fold shift) and the human c-Mpl-introduced Ba/F3 cell proliferative activity (EC₃₀ value, nM) of some Example compounds of the present invention are shown in Tables 1 and 2. However, Ex represents Example Compound Nos. as described later (this shall apply hereinafter).

TABLE 1 Test Example 1 Test Example 2 10 μM 1 μM EC₃₀ Ex (-fold shift) (-fold shift) (nM) 3 253 101 780 4 200 25 >3000 10 87 21 >10000 11 226 33 >10000 12 178 33 >10000 13 326 43 >10000 15 159 31 >10000 17 109 15 >10000 21 149 25 >10000 27 330 31 >10000 28 108 36 5300 33 182 40 >10000 34 116 18 >10000 41 160 43 >10000 42 141 39 >10000 43 224 76 >10000 46 199 29 >10000 48 113 27 >10000 49 224 67 >10000 50 190 108 2300 51 287 102 2600 52 196 36 >10000 54 134 36 >10000 60 235 33 9700 61 229 35 1300 62 195 37 >10000 63 186 39 >10000 64 128 23 >10000 65 90 24 >10000 67 114 40 >10000 69 177 27 >10000

TABLE 7 Test Example 1 Test Example 2 10 μM 1 μM EC₃₀ Ex (-fold shift) (-fold shift) (nM) 71 151 28 >10000 72 152 31 >10000 79 171 60 1800 81 94 89 500 82 43 11 >10000 91 139 19 >10000 92 203 30 >10000 95 233 91 3000 97 121 55 2800 100 229 82 3200 101 112 64 2700 103 307 202 1700 104 195 75 >10000 106 270 41 >10000 107 318 73 >10000 108 169 56 >10000 109 191 30 >10000 111 627 203 5000 118 167 57 >10000 119 503 110 >10000 124 101 28 >10000 126 318 79 >10000 128 192 73 8000 129 148 67 >10000 130 151 95 >10000 132 41 15 >10000 133 164 30 >10000 135 204 25 >10000 140 158 28 >10000 141 159 45 >10000 142 160 52 4700 143 81 65 7800

In Test Example 1, a substantial number of the Example compounds which had been subjected to the present test shifted the EC₅₀ values to almost 100-fold or more toward a lower concentration side when added at 10 μM, and shifted the EC₅₀ values to almost 10-fold or more toward a lower concentration side when added at 1 μM. In addition, for some Example compounds of the present invention, from the viewpoint that the compounds alone do not change the intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration, it was found that these compounds have no muscarinic M₃ receptor agonistic activity.

Furthermore, in Test Example 2, it was found that a substantial number of the Example compounds which had been subjected to the present test have a weak human c-Mpl-introduced Ba/F3 cell proliferative activity or have none.

The compound of the present invention is used as an agent for preventing or treating bladder/urinary tract diseases associated with bladder contractions via a muscarinic M₃ receptor, as a muscarinic M₃ receptor-positive allosteric modulator, and thus preferably has a weak or none increased platelet action based on c-Mpl-introduced Ba/F3 cell proliferative activity.

On the other hand, Table 1 of Patent Document 1 above discloses that the compound of Example 315 represented by the formula (A1) above has 3.2 nM of EC₃₀ value of c-Mpl-introduced Ba/F3 cell proliferation action.

Test Example 3: Effect on Electrical Field Stimulation-Induced Contraction in Rat Isolated Bladder

As an effect on the nerve stimulation-dependent bladder contraction in in vitro, the effect of the Example compounds of the present invention in the electrical field stimulation-induced contraction of the rat isolated bladder was measured by the following method. That is, a bladder specimen having a width of about 2 mm and a length of about 10 mm in the longitudinal direction from the bladder isolated from a Sprague-Dawley (SD) female rat (Japan SLC, Inc.) was prepared. The prepared bladder specimen was suspended in an organ bath filled with 10 mL of a Krebs-Henseleite solution. The Krebs-Henseleite solution was aerated at 95% 02 and 5% CO₂, and kept at 37° C. After carrying out stabilization at an initial tension of 1 g, the contraction was caused twice with 60 mM KCl. After stabilization of the specimen with a Krebs-Henseleite solution, the contraction was caused by carrying out electrical field stimulation at 20 V with an electrical stimulation device (Nihon Kohden) (a stimulation frequency of 8 Hz, a pulse width of 0.3 msec, and a stimulation time of 10 seconds). By repeating the transmural electrical stimulation at an interval of 2 minutes, a voltage was adjusted to obtain a contraction height of approximately 50% of the contractile response at 20 V. After the contraction by electrical field stimulation had been stabilized, 10 μL of the test substances dissolved in 100% dimethyl sulfoxide in advance (final concentrations of 3 μM, 10 μM, and 30 μM) was added thereto. The test substances were cumulatively administered at the following concentrations after the low-concentration contractile response had been stabilized. The response was taken into a personal computer through a PowerLab (registered trademark) (AD Instruments, Inc.), and analyzed by LabChart (registered trademark) (AD Instruments, Inc.). When the area under the response (area under curve, AUC) in each contraction response was calculated and the value before treatment with the test substance was taken as 100%, the enhancement rate (% of pre) of the isolated bladder contractions after treatment with the test substance was calculated.

The enhancement rates of the isolated bladder contractions by 10 μM of some Example compounds are shown in Table 3.

Furthermore, it was confirmed that all the Example compounds which have been subjected to the present test do not cause contraction in a state in which there is no electrical stimulation and the compounds alone do not show a bladder contraction action.

TABLE 3 Enhancement rate (% of pre) of Ex. isolated bladder contractions 3 152 10 161 11 123 13 126 15 124 21 141 28 123 34 137 42 158 43 179 46 132 48 143 49 153 50 183 51 151 52 132 60 144 61 176 64 162 65 127 67 116 72 157 82 158 95 150 109 183 119 154 124 132 133 151 135 139 140 161 141 121 142 196 143 140

From the above, it was confirmed that the Example compounds alone, which have been subjected to the present test, do not cause a contraction action in the isolated rat bladder, but have an action of enhancing electrical field stimulation-induced contraction.

Test Example 4: Effect on Pelvic Nerve Stimulation-Induced Elevation of Intravesical Pressure in Anesthetized Rats

The effect of the Example compounds of the present invention in the pelvic nerve electrical stimulation-induced elevation of intravesical pressure using rats as an action of nerve stimulation-dependent bladder contraction in vivo was measured by the following method. That is, SD female rats (Japan SLC, Inc.) were used and its lower abdomen was dissected at the midline under pentobarbital anesthesia (50 mg/kg ip). After ligating and cutting the ureter on both sides, a cannula (PE-50) for measuring the intravesical pressure was inserted into the bladder from the external urethral opening and fixed by a clip. After injecting about 200 μL of saline through the cannula that had been inserted into the bladder, the other side was connected to a pressure transducer to measure the intravesical pressure. Under a stereoscopic microscope observation, the pelvic nerve in the vicinity of the bladder was peeled and an electrode for nerve stimulation (unique Medical) was placed. The abdominal cavity was filled with mineral oil (MP BIOMEDICALS). After placing in a post-operative stabilization period, the pelvic nerve was subjected to electrical stimulation (stimulation voltage: 10 V, stimulation frequency: 8 Hz, pulse width: 0.3 msec, and stimulation time: 10 seconds) to elicit the elevation of intravesical pressure, using an electrical stimulator (Nihon Kohden). By repeating the electrical stimulation at an interval of 2 minutes while adjusting the voltage, the voltage was adjusted to elicit about 50% to 70% elevation of intravesical pressure elicited at 10 V. Thereafter, by repeating the electrical stimulation at an interval of 10 minutes, the increase in the intravesical pressure by electrical stimulation was stabilized three times or more, and the test substance (an administration amount of 3 mg/kg) was then administered from the catheter detained in the vein at a volume of 1 mL/kg, thus measuring an effect of the elevation of the intravesical pressure of the test substance for 1 hour. The test substance was dissolved in water supplemented with 10% dimethylsulfoxide and 10% Cremophor.

The response was applied to a personal computer through a PowerLab (registered trademark) and analyzed by LabChart (registered trademark). The AUC of each elevation of the intravesical pressure was calculated, the intravesical pressure elevation rate (% of pre) after the treatment with the test substance was calculated by taking an average value of the values measured three times before the treatment with the test substance as 100%, and the maximum effect during a period within one hour after administration of the compound was considered as the effect of the test substance.

The elevation rates (% of pre) of the intravesical pressure when some Example compounds were administered at 3 mg/kg are shown in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Increase rate (% of pre) of Ex. intravesical pressure 3 251 10 145 11 132 13 132 15 142 21 155 28 184 34 134 42 149 43 125 46 126 48 121 49 172 50 207 51 223 52 129 60 130 61 129 64 135 65 128 67 126 72 155 82 138 95 239 109 180 119 173 124 143 133 150 135 168 140 148 141 175 142 199 143 172

In addition, it was confirmed that the Example compounds evaluated in the present test do not cause an elevation of the intravesical pressure in a state in which electrical stimulation is not given, and the compounds alone do not show elevation of the intravesical pressure.

From the above, it was confirmed that the Example compounds listed in Table 4 alone do not show elevation of the intravesical pressure but have an action of enhancing effect on the pelvic nerve electrical stimulation-induced elevation of intravesical pressure in the anesthetized rats.

As shown in the results of each the tests above, it was confirmed that the compound of the formula (I) has a muscarinic M₃ receptor-positive allosteric modulator activity, and further, it enhances the bladder contraction in a nerve stimulation-dependent manner in in vitro, as well as enhances an elevation in the intravesical pressure in a nerve stimulation-dependent manner in in vivo. Accordingly, the compound of the formula (I) can be used to prevent or treat bladder/urinary tract diseases associated with bladder contractions via a muscarinic M₃ receptor, in particular, voiding dysfunction or urine storage dysfunction in the bladder/urethral diseases. The compound of the formula (I) can be used for preventing or treating, for example, voiding dysfunction or urine storage dysfunction in underactive bladder, hypotonic bladder, acontraction bladder, detrusor underactivity, neurogenic bladder, urethra relaxation failure, detrusor-external urethral sphincter dyssynergia, overactive bladder, urinary frequency, nocturia, urinary incontinence, benign prostatic hyperplasia, interstitial cystitis, chronic prostatitis, and urinary tract stones. In particular, the compound of the formula (I) can be used for preventing or treating voiding dysfunction or urine storage dysfunction in underactive bladder, hypotonic bladder, acontraction bladder, detrusor underactivity, and neurogenic bladder.

In addition, the compound of formula (I) can become a therapeutic drug that is more excellent in safety from the viewpoint that the compound alone does not show an agonistic effect on a muscarinic M₃ receptor, but shows an effect on enhancing the nerve stimulation-dependent bladder contraction, and accordingly, cholinergic side effects that have been reported in the existing drugs can be avoided.

A pharmaceutical composition including one or two or more kinds of the compound of the formula (I) as an active ingredient can be prepared using an excipient which is usually used in the art, that is, an excipient for a pharmaceutical preparation, a carrier for a pharmaceutical preparation, and the like, according to a method usually used.

Administration can be accomplished either by oral administration via tablets, pills, capsules, granules, powders, solutions, and the like, or parenteral administration via injections, such as intraarticular, intravenous, and intramuscular injections, suppositories, transdermal liquid preparations, ointments, transdermal patches, transmucosal liquid preparations, transmucosal patches, inhalers, and the like.

As a solid composition for oral administration, tablets, powders, granules, and the like are used. In such a solid composition, one kind or two or more kinds of the active ingredients are mixed with at least one inactive excipient. In a conventional method, the composition may contain inactive additives such as a lubricant, a disintegrating agent, a stabilizer, or a solubilization assisting agent. If necessary, tablets or pills may be coated with a sugar or with a film of a gastric or enteric coating substance.

The liquid composition for oral administration includes pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups, elixirs, or the like, and also includes generally used inert diluents, for example, purified water or ethanol. The liquid composition may also include auxiliary agents such as a solubilization assisting agent, a moistening agent, and a suspending agent, sweeteners, flavors, aromatics, and antiseptics, in addition to the inert diluent.

The injections for parenteral administration include sterile aqueous or non-aqueous solution preparations, suspensions, or emulsions. The aqueous solvent includes, for example, distilled water for injection and saline. Examples of the non-aqueous solvent include alcohols such as ethanol. Such a composition may further include a tonicity agent, an antiseptic, a moistening agent, an emulsifying agent, a dispersing agent, a stabilizing agent, or a solubilizing assisting agent. These are sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacteria retaining filter, blending of a bactericide, or irradiation. In addition, these can also be used by preparing a sterile solid composition, and dissolving or suspending it in sterile water or a sterile solvent for injection prior to its use.

Examples of the agent for external use include ointments, hard plasters, creams, jellies, cataplasms, sprays, and lotions. The agent further contains generally used ointment bases, lotion bases, aqueous or non-aqueous liquid preparations, suspensions, emulsions, or the like.

As the transmucosal agents such as an inhaler and a transnasal agent, those in the form of a solid, liquid, or semi-solid state are used, and can be prepared in accordance with a method known in the related art. For example, a known excipient, and also a pH adjusting agent, an antiseptic, a surfactant, a lubricant, a stabilizing agent, a thickening agent, or the like may be appropriately added thereto. For the administration, an appropriate device for inhalation or blowing can be used. For example, a compound may be administered alone or as a powder of formulated mixture, or as a solution or suspension in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, using a known device or sprayer such as a metered administration inhalation device. A dry powder inhaler or the like may be for single or multiple administration use, and a dry powder or a powder-containing capsule may be used. Alternatively, this may be in a form such as a pressurized aerosol spray that uses an appropriate propellant agent, for example, a suitable gas such as chlorofluoroalkanes, and carbon dioxide, or other forms.

Usually, in the case of oral administration, the daily dose is from about 0.001 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg, preferably from 0.1 mg/kg to 30 mg/kg, and more preferably from 0.1 mg/kg to 10 mg/kg, per body weight, administered in one portion or in 2 to 4 divided portions. In the case of intravenous administration, the daily dose is suitably administered from about 0.0001 mg/kg to 10 mg/kg per body weight, once a day or two or more times a day. In addition, a transmucosal agent is administered at a dose from about 0.001 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg per body weight, once or plural times a day. The dose is appropriately decided in response to the individual case by taking the symptoms, the age, and the gender, and the like into consideration.

Although there are differences depending on a route of administration, a dosage form, an administration site, and a type of the excipient or additive, a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprises 0.01% by weight to 100% by weight of, as an embodiment, 0.01% by weight to 50% by weight of, one or more of the compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof which is the active ingredient.

The compound of the formula (I) may be used in combination with various agents for treating or preventing diseases on which the compound of the formula (I) is considered to show the effect. Such combined preparations may be administered simultaneously, or separately and continuously, or at a desired time interval. The preparations to be co-administered may be a blend, or may be prepared individually.

EXAMPLES

Hereinbelow, the production process for the compound of the formula (I) will be described in more detail with reference to Examples. Further, the present invention is not limited to the compounds described in the Examples below. Further, the production processes for the starting compounds will be described in Preparation Examples. In addition, the production processes for the compound of the formula (I) are not limited to the production processes of the specific Examples shown below, but the compound of the formula (I) can be prepared by a combination of these production processes or a method that is apparent to a person skilled in the art.

Further, in the present specification, nomenclature software such as ACD/Name (registered trademark, Advanced Chemistry Development, Inc.) may be used for nomenclature of compounds in some cases.

The powder X-ray diffraction is measured using RINT-TTRII under the conditions of a tube: Cu, a tube current: 300 mA, a tube voltage: 50 kV, a sampling width: 0.020°, a scanning speed: 4°/min, a wavelength: 1.54056 angstroms, and a measurement diffraction angle (2θ): 2.5° to 40°. Further, a device including data processing was handled in accordance with the method and procedure instructed in each device.

The values obtained from various spectra may cause some errors according to the direction of the crystal growth, particle sizes, measurement conditions, and the like in some cases. Accordingly, considering these errors, in the present specification, the description of diffraction angles (2θ (°)) in the powder X-ray diffraction patterns is measured value, but depending on the measuring conditions, these diffraction angles mean that error ranges which are usually acceptable may occur and mean that they are approximate values. Usually, the error range of the diffraction angle (2θ (°)) in the powder X-ray diffraction is ±0.2°. However, for the powder X-ray diffraction patterns, in terms of the properties of data, crystal lattice spacing and general patterns are important in the certification of crystal identity, and the diffraction angle and the diffraction intensity may vary slightly depending on the direction of crystal growth, the particle size, and the measurement condition, and they should not be strictly construed.

Moreover, the following abbreviations may be used in Examples, Preparation Examples, and Tables below in some cases.

PEx: Preparation Example No., Ex: Example No., PSyn: Preparation Example No. prepared by the same method, Syn: Example No. prepared by the same method, Structure: Structural chemical formula (Me represents methyl, Et represents ethyl, Ac represents acetyl, nPr represents n-propyl, iPr represents isopropyl, cPr represents cyclopropyl, iBu represents isobutyl, Boc represents tert-butoxycarbonyl, Ts represents 4-methylphenyl sulfonyl, COMU represents N-[({[(1Z)-1-cyano-2-ethoxy-2-oxoethylidene]amino}oxy)(morpholin-4-yl)methylene]-N-methylmethaminium hexafluorophosphate, WSCD.HCl represents N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-N′-ethylcarbodiimide monohydrochloride, and ODS represents octadecylsilyl), Data: Physicochemical data, ESI+: m/z values in mass spectroscopy (Ionization method ESI, representing [M+H]⁺ unless otherwise specified), ESI−: m/z values in mass spectroscopy (Ionization method ESI, representing [M−H]⁻ unless otherwise specified), APCI/ESI+: APCI/ESI-MS (atmospheric pressure chemical ionization method APCI, representing [M+H]⁺ unless otherwise specified; in which APCI/ESI means simultaneous measurement of APCI and ESI), EI: m/z values in mass spectroscopy (Ionization method EI, representing [M]⁺ unless otherwise specified), CI: m/z values in mass spectroscopy (Ionization method CI, representing [M+H]⁺ unless otherwise specified), NMR-DMSO-d: δ (ppm) of peaks in ¹H-NMR in DMSO-d₆, s: singlet (spectrum), d: doublet (spectrum), t: triplet (spectrum), br: broad line (spectrum) (e.g.: brs), m: multiplet (spectrum). Further, HCl in the structural formula indicates that the compound is a monohydrochloride; 2HCl indicates that the compound is a dihydrochloride; 3HCl indicates that the compound is a trihydrochloride, and 2 maleic acid indicates that the compound is a dimalate.

In addition, for the sake of convenience, a concentration of mol/L is represented by M. For example, a 1 M aqueous sodium hydroxide solution means a 1 mol/L aqueous sodium hydroxide solution.

Preparation Example 1

A mixture of 4-[3-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-{[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-amine (1.0 g), 5-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid (685 mg), COMU (1.9 g), dioxane (10 mL), and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (1.5 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate, washed with water and saturated brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane-ethyl acetate) to obtain 5-chloro-N-(4-[3-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-{([(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)pyrazine-2-carboxamide (800 mg) as a solid.

Preparation Example 2

To a mixture of 5-{[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)thiophen-2-yl]-1,3-thiazol-2-amine (2.9 g) and dichloromethane (60 mL) were added 5-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid (1.7 g), N,N-dimethyl-4-aminopyridine (340 mg), and WSCD.HCl (2.1 g), followed by stirring at 40° C. for 15 minutes. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with chloroform, and washed with a saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution. The aqueous layer was extracted with chloroform/methanol and the organic layer was combined and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (chloroform-ethyl acetate) to obtain 5-chloro-N-(5-{[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)thiophen-2-yl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)pyrazine-2-carboxamide (2.4 g) as a solid.

Preparation Example 3

To a mixture of 5-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid (30.5 g) and ethyl acetate (500 mL) were added thionyl chloride (55 mL) and N,N-dimethylformamide (0.57 mL), followed by stirring at 75° C. for 1.5 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and toluene was added thereto, followed by carrying out a concentration operation.

A mixture of 4-(4-chlorothiophen-2-yl)-1,3-thiazol-2-amine (32.0 g) and cyclopentylmethyl ether (500 mL) was ice-cooled, and triethylamine (62 mL), and a mixture of the previously obtained compound and cyclopentylmethyl ether (100 mL) were slowly added thereto. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 days. To the reaction mixture was added water, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate/tetrahydrofuran. The organic layer was washed with water and saturated brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was mixed with diisopropyl ether and the solid was collected by filtration to obtain 5-chloro-N-[4-(4-chlorothiophen-2-yl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]pyrazine-2-carboxamide (46.6 g) as a solid.

Preparation Example 4

To a mixture of 6-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)nicotinic acid (7.8 g) and dichloromethane (80 mL) were added N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (4.3 g), WSCD.HCl (9.5 g), and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (30 mL) under ice-cooling. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 17 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, and to the residue were added ethyl acetate and water, followed by stirring for 30 minutes. The organic layer was separated, the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate, and the organic layer was combined, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane-ethyl acetate) to obtain N,6-dimethoxy-N-methyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)nicotinamide (5.0 g) as an oil.

Preparation Example 5

A mixture of N-(4-[3-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-{[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)acetamide (1.4 g), ethanol (10 mL), and a 6 M aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (5 mL) was stirred at 120° C. for 15 minutes under microwave irradiation. To the reaction mixture was added water, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with saturated brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane-ethyl acetate) to obtain 4-[3-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-{[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-amine (1.0 g) as an oil.

Preparation Example 6

A mixture of N-(5-{[(2R,5R)-2,5-dimethylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-4-[3-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)acetamide (916 mg) and 80% sulfuric acid (10 mL) was stirred at 100° C. for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was cooled to 5° C. and alkalified by the addition of a 5 M aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and a saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution. The mixture was extracted with chloroform, and the organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by basic silica gel column chromatography (hexane-ethyl acetate) to obtain 5-{[(2R,5R)-2,5-dimethylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-4-[3-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,3-thiazol-2-amine (685 mg) as a solid.

Preparation Example 7

To a mixture of N-{5-[(diethylamino)methyl]-4-[3-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl}acetamide (392 mg) and ethanol (4 mL) was added a 6 M aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (2 mL), followed by heating to reflux for 5 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and water was added thereto, followed by extraction with chloroform. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by basic silica gel column chromatography (hexane-ethyl acetate) to obtain 5-[(diethylamino)methyl]-4-[3-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,3-thiazol-2-amine (264 mg) as a solid.

Preparation Example 8

To a mixture of tert-butyl (3R)-4-{5-[(4-[3-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-{[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl]pyrazin-2-yl}-3-methylpiperazine-1-carboxylate (19.9 g) and methanol (60 mL) was added hydrogen chloride (4 M dioxane solution, 180 mL), followed by stirring at room temperature for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. To the residue was added ethyl acetate (250 mL), followed by stirring at room temperature for 30 minutes. The solid was collected by filtration to obtain N-(4-[3-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-{[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)-5-[(2R)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]pyrazine-2-carboxamide trihydrochloride (20.1 g) as a solid.

Preparation Example 9

To a mixture of tert-butyl (3S)-4-(3-ethoxy-3-oxopropyl)-3-methylpiperazine-1-carboxylate (1.2 g) and ethanol (6 mL) was added hydrogen chloride (4 M ethyl acetate solution, 6 mL), followed by stirring at 80° C. for 1.5 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and stirred overnight. The solid was collected by filtration to obtain ethyl 3-[(2S)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]propanoate dihydrochloride (995 mg) as a solid.

Preparation Example 10

To a mixture of tert-butyl (2R)-2-ethylpyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (3.4 g) and dioxane (25 mL) was added hydrogen chloride (4 M dioxane solution, 25 mL), followed by stirring at room temperature for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, and to the residue were added diethyl ether, followed by stirring. The solid was collected by filtration to obtain (2R)-2-ethylpyrrolidine hydrochloride (2.1 g) as a solid.

Preparation Example 11

A mixture of {2-acetamido-4-[3-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,3-thiazol-5-yl}methyl acetate (500 mg), diethylamine (0.3 mL), N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.7 mL), and N-methylpyrrolidone (5 mL) was stirred at 100° C. for 2 hours. To the reaction mixture was added ethyl acetate, followed by washing with water and saturated brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane-ethyl acetate) to obtain N-{5-[(diethylamino)methyl]-4-[3-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl}acetamide (397 mg) as a solid.

Preparation Example 12

To a mixture of {2-acetamido-4-[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,3-thiazol-5-yl}methyl acetate (900 mg) and N,N-dimethylformamide (4 mL) were added (2R)-2-methylpyrrolidine (293 mg) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.78 mL), followed by stirring at 110° C. for 30 minutes under microwave irradiation. To the reaction mixture was added water, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water and saturated brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by basic silica gel column chromatography (hexane-ethyl acetate) to obtain N-(4-[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-{[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)acetamide (896 mg) as a solid.

Preparation Example 13

A mixture of N-{4-[3-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl}acetamide (6.0 g), acetic acid (30 mL), a 36% aqueous formaldehyde solution (7.5 mL), and acetic anhydride (9 mL) was stirred at 170° C. for 15 minutes under microwave irradiation. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, and to the residue was added ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with a saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution, water, and saturated brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (chloroform-methanol) and the obtained solid was mixed with diisopropyl ether. The solid was collected by filtration to obtain {2-acetamido-4-[3-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,3-thiazol-5-yl}methyl acetate (2.6 g) as a solid.

Preparation Example 14

A mixture of ethyl 3-[(2R)-4-(5-{[4-(4-chlorothiophen-2-yl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]carbamoyl}pyrazin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]propanoate (1.0 g), acetic acid (10 mL), a 37% aqueous formaldehyde solution (1.5 mL), and acetic anhydride (1.8 mL) was stirred at 80° C. for 7 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. To the residue were added water and a saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution, followed by extraction with chloroform/isopropanol. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (chloroform-methanol).

The obtained compound and pyridine (10 mL) were mixed, and acetic anhydride (0.9 mL) was added thereto, followed by stirring at room temperature for 30 minutes. To the reaction mixture was added water, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water and a saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane-ethyl acetate) to obtain ethyl 3-[(2R)-4-(5-{[5-(acetoxymethyl)-4-(4-chlorothiophen-2-yl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]carbamoyl}pyrazin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]propanoate (566 mg) as a solid.

Preparation Example 15

A mixture of N-{4-[4-methoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl}acetamide (3.0 g), 37% aqueous formaldehyde solution (7.2 mL), acetic anhydride (9 mL), and acetic acid (30 mL) was stirred at 100° C. for 5 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, and to the residue was added diisopropyl ether. The solid was collected by filtration to obtain {2-acetamido-4-[4-methoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,3-thiazol-5-yl}methyl acetate (2.0 g) as a solid.

Preparation Example 16

A mixture of N-{4-[3-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl}acetamide (2.8 g), acetic acid (20 mL), a 36% aqueous formaldehyde solution (3.6 mL), and acetic anhydride (4.4 mL) was stirred at 170° C. for 30 minutes under microwave irradiation. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, and then the obtained solid was washed with methanol and collected by filtration.

The obtained solid (1.8 g) was mixed with N-methylpyrrolidone (20 mL), (2R)-2-methylpyrrolidine (608 mg), and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (2.5 mL), followed by stirring at 100° C. for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and water was added thereto, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with saturated brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane-ethyl acetate) to obtain N-(4-[3-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-{[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)acetamide (1.4 g) as a solid.

Preparation Example 17

N-[4-(4-Chlorothiophen-2-yl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide (5.0 g), (2R)-2-ethylpyrrolidine hydrochloride (4.8 g), N,N-diisopropylethylamine (5.5 mL), acetic acid (50 mL), and a 36% aqueous formaldehyde solution (2.5 mL) were mixed, followed by stirring at 60° C. for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with a saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution and saturated brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. A mixture of the obtained compound, ethanol (50 mL), and a 6 M aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (14 mL) was stirred at 90° C. for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and water was added thereto, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with saturated brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by basic silica gel column chromatography (hexane-ethyl acetate) to obtain 4-(4-chlorothiophen-2-yl)-5-{[(2R)-2-ethylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-amine (2.7 g) as a solid.

Preparation Example 18

To a mixture of ethyl 3-[(2S)-4-(5-{[4-(4-chlorothiophen-2-yl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]carbamoyl}pyrazin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]propanoate (20 g) and acetic acid (200 mL) were added paraformaldehyde (3.5 g) and (2R)-2-methylpyrrolidine (6.6 g), followed by stirring at 75° C. for 3.5 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. To the residue were added ethyl acetate (250 mL), toluene (125 mL), and water (200 mL), followed by neutralization by the addition of sodium carbonate. The organic layer was separated, the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate/toluene, the organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and then amino silica gel (40 g) was added thereto. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes, the insoluble materials were separated by filtration and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by basic silica gel column chromatography (hexane-ethyl acetate) to obtain ethyl 3-[(2S)-4-(5-{[4-(4-chlorothiophen-2-yl)-5-{[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]carbamoyl}pyrazin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]propanoate (19.5 g) as a solid.

Preparation Example 19

4-[3-Fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,3-thiazol-2-amine (2.8 g), pyridine (10 mL), and acetic anhydride (4 mL) were mixed, by stirring at 60° C. for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, water was added thereto, and the generated solid was collected by filtration. The obtained solid was washed with methanol and the solid was collected by filtration to obtain N-{4-[3-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl}acetamide (2.9 g) as a solid.

Preparation Example 20

A mixture of 4-(4-chlorothiophen-2-yl)-1,3-thiazol-2-amine (5.0 g), dichloromethane (100 mL), and triethylamine (5.0 mL) was stirred and ice-cooled, and trifluoroacetic anhydride (5 mL) was added thereto, followed by stirring at room temperature for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was diluted with chloroform, washed with water and saturated brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane-ethyl acetate). The obtained solid was washed with hexane and the solid was collected by filtration to obtain N-[4-(4-chlorothiophen-2-yl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide (6.0 g) as a solid.

Preparation Example 21

A mixture of tert-butyl (3S)-4-{5-[(4-[3-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-{[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl]pyrazin-2-yl}-3-methylpiperazine-1-carboxylate (410 mg), hydrogen chloride (4 M dioxane solution, 4 mL), and methanol (2 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. To the reaction mixture was added ethyl acetate, followed by concentration under reduced pressure. A mixture of the obtained compound, N-methylpyrrolidone (6 mL), ethyl 3-bromopropanoate (0.4 mL), and potassium carbonate (683 mg) was stirred at 100° C. for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with water and saturated brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane-ethyl acetate) to obtain ethyl 3-[(3S)-4-{5-[(4-[3-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-{[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl]pyrazin-2-yl}-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl]propanoate (205 mg).

Preparation Example 22

A mixture of tert-butyl (3R)-4-(5-{[4-(4-chlorothiophen-2-yl)-5-{[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]carbamoyl}pyrazin-2-yl)-3-methylpiperazine-1-carboxylate (271 mg), hydrogen chloride (4 M dioxane solution, 4 mL), and methanol (2 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. To the reaction mixture was added ethyl acetate, followed by concentration under reduced pressure. A mixture of the residue, N,N-dimethylformamide (4 mL), ethyl bromoacetate (0.05 mL), and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.3 mL) was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate, washed with water and saturated brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane-ethyl acetate) and purified by basic silica gel column chromatography (hexane-ethyl acetate) to obtain ethyl [(3R)-4-(5-{[4-(4-chlorothiophen-2-yl)-5-{[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]carbamoyl}pyrazin-2-yl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl]acetate (154 mg) as a solid.

Preparation Example 23

A mixture of 1-[4-hydroxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethanone (1 g), iodoethane (1.2 mL), cesium carbonate (1.9 g), and N,N-dimethylformamide (15 mL) was stirred at 60° C. for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and water was added thereto, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water and saturated brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane-ethyl acetate) to obtain 1-[4-ethoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethanone (1.1 g) as a solid.

Preparation Example 24

To a mixture of 4-(4,5-dimethylthiophen-2-yl)-1,3-thiazol-2-amine (500 mg) and dichloromethane (10 mL) were added 5-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid (530 mg), WSCD.HCl (730 mg), and N,N-dimethyl-4-aminopyridine (100 mg), followed by stirring at 40° C. for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and ethyl acetate, water, and a saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution were added thereto. The insoluble materials were separated by filtration over Celite and the filtrate was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with saturated brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. To a mixture of the obtained compound and N-methylpyrrolidone (16 mL) were added ethyl 3-(piperazin-1-yl)propanoate dihydrochloride (1.0 g) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (3 mL), followed by stirring at 80° C. for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and water and ethyl acetate were added thereto. The organic layer was washed with water and saturated brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (chloroform-ethyl acetate). The obtained compound was washed with diisopropyl ether (4 mL) and hexane (20 mL), and the solid was collected by filtration to obtain ethyl 3-[4-(5-{[4-(4,5-dimethylthiophen-2-yl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]carbamoyl}pyrazin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]propanoate (954 mg) as a solid.

Preparation Example 25

To a mixture of N-(4-[3-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-{[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)-5-[(2R)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]pyrazine-2-carboxamide trihydrochloride (16.1 g) and N,N-dimethylformamide (400 mL) was added potassium carbonate (11.5 g), followed by stirring at room temperature for 5 minutes. To the reaction mixture was added ethyl bromoacetate (2.65 mL), followed by stirring at room temperature for 1 hour. To the reaction mixture was added ethyl bromoacetate (0.8 mL), followed by stirring at room temperature for 1.5 hours. The reaction mixture was poured into water, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water and saturated brine, and anhydrous magnesium sulfate and activated carbon were added thereto. The insoluble materials were separated by filtration and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by basic silica gel column chromatography (hexane-ethyl acetate) to obtain ethyl [(3R)-4-{5-[(4-[3-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-{[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl]pyrazin-2-yl}-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl]acetate (11.0 g) as a solid.

Preparation Example 26

To a mixture of 1-[4-hydroxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethanone (1 g) and acetonitrile (10 mL) were added 1-bromopropane (0.9 mL), potassium carbonate (1.7 g), and tetrabutylammonium iodide (180 mg), followed by stirring at room temperature overnight. The insoluble materials were separated by filtration and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane-ethyl acetate) to obtain 1-[4-propoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethanone (1.2 g) as an oil.

Preparation Example 27

To a mixture of copper iodide (I) (9.4 g) and diethyl ether (180 mL) was added dropwise methyllithium (about 1 M diethyl ether solution, 100 mL) at an internal temperature of 0° C. to 5° C. over 30 minutes, followed by stirring for 15 minutes. To the reaction mixture was added dropwise a solution of tert-butyl (2S)-2-({[(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]oxy}methyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (7.0 g) in dichloromethane (30 mL) at an internal temperature of 5° C. or lower over 20 minutes, followed by stirring at room temperature for 2.5 hours. To the reaction mixture was added dropwise a saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane-ethyl acetate) to obtain tert-butyl (2R)-2-ethylpyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (3.5 g) as an oil.

Preparation Example 28

A mixture of tert-butyl (2R)-2-methylpiperazine-1-carboxylate (3.0 g), N,N-dimethylformamide (30 mL), ethyl bromoacetate (2 mL), and potassium carbonate (5.0 g) was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. To the reaction mixture was added ethyl acetate, followed by washing with water and saturated brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (chloroform-methanol) to obtain tert-butyl (2R)-4-(2-ethoxy-2-oxoethyl)-2-methylpiperazine-1-carboxylate (4.0 g) as an oil.

Preparation Example 29

To a mixture of 5-chloro-N-[4-(4-chlorothiophen-2-yl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]pyrazine-2-carboxamide (25.0 g) and N-methylpyrrolidone (150 mL) were added N,N-diisopropylethylamine (50 mL) and ethyl 3-[(2S)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]propanoate dihydrochloride (21.2 g), followed by stirring at 60° C. for 1.5 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and ethyl acetate and water were added thereto, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water and saturated brine, and anhydrous magnesium sulfate and activated carbon were added thereto. The insoluble materials were separated by filtration and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (chloroform-ethyl acetate). The obtained compound was mixed with diisopropyl ether (40 mL) and hexane (120 mL), followed by stirring at room temperature for 15 minutes. The solid was collected by filtration to obtain ethyl 3-[(2S)-4-(5-{[4-(4-chlorothiophen-2-yl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]carbamoyl}pyrazin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]propanoate (29.7 g) as a solid.

Preparation Example 30

To a mixture of 1-[3-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethanone (78 g) and tetrahydrofuran (625 mL) was added phenyltrimethylammonium tribromide (143 g), followed by stirring at room temperature for 1 hour. The insoluble materials were separated by filtration and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure.

The obtained compound and ethanol (625 mL) were mixed, and thiourea (35 g) was added thereto, followed by stirring at 65° C. to 75° C. for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was ice-cooled, and water (625 mL) was added thereto. To the mixture was added a 1 M sodium hydroxide (600 mL), followed by stirring for 30 minutes. The solid was collected by filtration, and ethanol (30% aqueous, 600 mL) was added thereto and dissolved at 76° C. The obtained solution was cooled to room temperature and stirred overnight. The mixture was ice-cooled and stirred for 2 hours, and then the precipitated solid was collected by filtration to obtain 4-[3-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,3-thiazol-2-amine (56.9 g) as a solid.

Preparation Example 31

To a mixture of 1-(4-bromothiophen-2-yl)ethanone (20 g) and N-methylpyrrolidone (400 mL) were added sodium trifluoroacetate (140 g) and copper iodide (I) (100 g), followed by stirring at 200° C. for 2.5 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, water and ethyl acetate were added thereto, and the insoluble materials were separated by filtration over Celite. The organic layer of the filtrate was separated, washed with water and saturated brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane-ethyl acetate) and purified by basic silica gel column chromatography (hexane-ethyl acetate) to obtain 1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)thiophen-2-yl]ethanone (4.1 g) as an oil.

Preparation Example 32

To a mixture of N,6-dimethoxy-N-methyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)nicotinamide (3.7 g) and tetrahydrofuran (40 mL) was added methylmagnesium bromide (3 M tetrahydrofuran solution, 7 mL) under ice-cooling, followed by stirring for 1 hour. To the reaction mixture was added a saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane-ethyl acetate) to obtain 1-[6-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]ethanone (3.0 g) as an oil.

Preparation Example 33

A mixture of 1-(3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanone (10.0 g), N,N-dimethylformamide (100 mL), potassium carbonate (8.1 g), and methyl iodide (6.1 mL) was stirred at room temperature overnight. To the reaction mixture was added water, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with 1 M hydrochloric acid and saturated brine, and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. The mixture was filtered using a basic silica gel and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain 1-(3,5-dichloro-4-methoxyphenyl)ethanone (7.6 g) as a solid.

Preparation Example 34

To a mixture of ethyl 6-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)nicotinate (5.5 g) and ethanol (40 mL) were added a 3 M aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (40 mL), followed by stirring at 60° C. for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. To the residue was added 1 M hydrochloric acid (120 mL) and the mixture was stirred for 1 hour. The precipitated solid was collected by filtration to obtain 6-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)nicotinic acid (4.4 g) as a solid.

Preparation Example 35

A mixture of 5-bromo-2-methoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine (7.8 g), palladium acetate (II) (170 mg), 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (840 mg), N,N-diisopropylethylamine (10 mL), ethanol (80 mL), and N,N-dimethylformamide (80 mL) was stirred at 90° C. for 19 hours under a carbon monoxide atmosphere. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and poured into water (500 mL) and ethyl acetate (500 mL), followed by stirring for 30 minutes. The organic layer was separated, washed with water and saturated brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane-ethyl acetate) to obtain ethyl 6-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)nicotinate (5.5 g) as a solid.

Preparation Example 36

2-Methoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine (8 g), 1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylimidazolidine-2,4-dione (17 g), and trifluoroacetic acid (32 mL) were mixed, followed by stirring at room temperature for 22 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, and to the residue was added diisopropyl ether. The precipitated solid was separated by filtration and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane-ethyl acetate) to obtain 5-bromo-2-methoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine (9.4 g) as an oil.

Preparation Example 37

To a mixture of 1-[4-hydroxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethanone (1 g) and tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) were added 2-propanol (0.46 mL), a 40% diethylazodicarboxylate solution in toluene (2.3 mL) and triphenylphosphine (1.6 g), followed by stirring at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane-ethyl acetate) to obtain 1-[4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethanone (1.0 g) as an oil.

Preparation Example 38

A mixture of 1-[4-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethanone (1.0 g), cyclopropylboronic acid (780 mg), dicyclohexyl (2′,6′-dimethoxybiphenyl-2-yl)phosphine (185 mg), tripotassium phosphate (3.0 g), palladium acetate (II) (51 mg), toluene (10 mL), and water (1 mL) was stirred at 100° C. for 3 hours under an argon atmosphere. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, ethyl acetate and water were added thereto, and the insoluble materials were separated by filtration. The filtrate was extracted with ethyl acetate and the organic layer was washed with saturated brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane-ethyl acetate) to obtain 1-[4-cyclopropyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethanone (1.0 g) as an oil.

Preparation Example 39

To a mixture of 1-(4-bromothiophen-2-yl)ethanone (9.4 g), toluene (200 mL) and water (100 mL) were added cyclopropylboronic acid (12.0 g), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (0) (5.34 g), cesium carbonate (73.6 g), and tri-tert-butylphosphine (2.3 mL), followed by stirring at 80° C. for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was filtrated over Celite, and to the filtrate were added water and diethyl ether. The organic layer was separated, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane-ethyl acetate) to obtain 1-(4-cyclopropylthiophen-2-yl)ethanone (6.7 g) as an oil.

Preparation Example 40

A mixture of 3-bromo-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid (10.0 g), thionylchloride (40 mL), and N,N-dimethylformamide (1 droplet) was stirred at 80° C. for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, followed by carrying out a concentration operation with toluene twice and then drying under reduced pressure.

To a mixture of toluene (150 mL) and magnesium chloride (3.6 g) were added dimethyl malonate (5.1 mL) and triethylamine (12 mL), followed by stirring at room temperature for 1.5 hours. To the reaction mixture was first added dropwise a mixture of the obtained compound and toluene (50 mL) under stirring, followed by stirring at room temperature for 18 hours. To the reaction mixture was added 6 M hydrochloric acid (50 mL), and then water (300 mL) was added thereto, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with saturated brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was mixed with dimethylsulfoxide (50 mL) and water (5 mL), followed by stirring at 160° C. for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and water (300 mL) was added thereto, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water and saturated brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain 1-[3-bromo-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethanone (10.0 g) as an oil.

Preparation Example 41

To a mixture of zinc powder (2.0 g), cobalt bromide (II) (600 mg), and acetonitrile (30 mL) was added trifluoroacetic acid (0.15 mL) under an argon atmosphere, followed by stirring at room temperature for 15 minutes. To the reaction mixture were added 5-bromo-1-fluoro-2-methoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (5.0 g) and acetic anhydride (2.1 mL), followed by stirring at room temperature for 17 hours. To the reaction mixture was added 1 M hydrochloric acid (30 mL), followed by extraction with diethyl ether. The organic layer was washed with water and saturated brine, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane-diethyl ether) to obtain 1-[3-fluoro-4-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethanone (1.6 g) as an oil.

Preparation Example 42

To a mixture of 1-[4-hydroxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethanone (3.0 g), N,N-dimethylformamide (36 mL), and water (3.6 mL) were added sodium chloro(difluoro)acetate (5.8 g) and cesium carbonate (7.2 g), followed by stirring at 100° C. for 3 hours. To the reaction mixture was added water, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water and saturated brine, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane-ethyl acetate). To a mixture of the obtained compound (3.8 g) and tetrahydrofuran (50 mL) was added phenyltrimethylammonium tribromide (5.7 g), followed by stirring at room temperature for 45 minutes. The precipitated insoluble materials were separated by filtration and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. To a mixture of the residue and ethanol (50 mL) was added thiourea (1.5 g), followed by stirring at 80° C. for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and water (30 mL) and a 1 M aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (30 mL) were added thereto, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with saturated brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. To the residue was added diisopropyl ether and hexane, and the generated solid was collected by filtration to obtain 4-[4-(difluoromethoxy)-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,3-thiazol-2-amine (3.5 g) as a solid.

Preparation Example 43

To a mixture of 5-chloro-N-(4-[4-ethoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-{[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)pyrazine-2-carboxamide (407 mg) and N-methylpyrrolidone (6 mL) were added tert-butyl (3R)-3-methylpiperazine-1-carboxylate (400 mg) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.7 mL), followed by stirring at 80° C. for 4 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and water was added thereto, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane-ethyl acetate).

A mixture of the obtained compound, hydrogen chloride (4 M dioxane solution, 6 mL), and methanol (2 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 4 hours. To the reaction mixture was added ethyl acetate (20 mL), and the solid was collected by filtration to obtain N-(4-[4-ethoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-{[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)-5-[(2R)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]pyrazine-2-carboxamide trihydrochloride (623 mg) as a solid.

Preparation Example 44

To a mixture of tert-butyl (2S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (17 g), triethylamine (17.7 mL), 1-methyl-1H-imidazole (10.1 mL), and dichloromethane (255 mL) was added p-toluenesulfonyl chloride (17.7 g) under ice-cooling, followed by stirring at the same temperature for 1 hour. To the reaction mixture was added water, followed by extraction with dichloromethane. The organic layer was washed with saturated brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane-ethyl acetate) to obtain tert-butyl (2S)-2-({[(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]oxy}methyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (29.5 g) as an oil.

Preparation Example 45

A mixture of tert-butyl (3S)-3-methylpiperazine-1-carboxylate (5 g), ethyl acrylate (7.2 mL), and ethanol (15 mL) was heated and refluxed for 24 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, and to the residue was added diethyl ether, followed by extraction with 1 M hydrochloric acid. The aqueous layer was alkalified to pH 8 by the addition of a 1 M aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and sodium hydrogen carbonate, and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (chloroform-methanol) to obtain tert-butyl (3 S)-4-(3-ethoxy-3-oxopropyl)-3-methylpiperazine-1-carboxylate (7.5 g) as an oil.

Example 1

To a mixture of ethyl 3-[(2S)-4-(5-{[4-(4-chlorothiophen-2-yl)-5-{[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]carbamoyl}pyrazin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]propanoate (10.2 g), tetrahydrofuran (50 mL), and ethanol (50 mL) was added a 1 M aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (50 mL), followed by stirring at 50° C. for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and 1 M hydrochloric acid (50 mL) and water (100 mL) were added thereto, followed by extraction with chloroform. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (chloroform-methanol) to obtain a solid (6.0 g) of 3-[(2S)-4-(5-{[4-(4-chlorothiophen-2-yl)-5-{[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]carbamoyl}pyrazin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]propanoic acid.

To a mixture of the obtained solid and tetrahydrofuran (100 mL) was added hydrogen chloride (4 M dioxane solution, 12 mL), and the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. To the residue were added acetonitrile (200 mL) and water (12 mL), followed by stirring at 70° C. for 15 minutes, and then cooling at room temperature. To the mixture was added acetonitrile (100 mL), followed by stirring at room temperature for 1 hour. The solid was collected by filtration and dried to obtain 3-[(2S)-4-(5-{[4-(4-chlorothiophen-2-yl)-5-{[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]carbamoyl}pyrazin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]propanoic acid dihydrochloride (6.7 g) as a solid.

Example 2

Under an argon gas flow, to a mixture of ethyl 3-(4-{5-[(4-[3-bromo-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-{[(2S)-2-isopropylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl]pyrazin-2-yl}piperazin-1-yl)propanoate (660 mg), zinc powder (30 mg), biphenyl-2-yl(di-tert-butyl)phosphine (60 mg), and N,N-dimethylacetamide (13 mL) were added zinc cyanide (160 mg) and palladium trifluoroacetate (II) (30 mg), followed by stirring at 100° C. for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and ethyl acetate was added thereto. The organic layer was washed with saturated brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane-ethyl acetate).

To a mixture of the obtained compound (401 mg), ethanol (5 mL), and tetrahydrofuran (5 mL) was added a 1 M aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (3 mL), followed by stirring at 50° C. for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by ODS column chromatography (acetonitrile-water). The obtained solid was mixed with hexane (20 mL) and diethyl ether (4 mL), and the solid was collected by filtration to obtain sodium 3-(4-{5-[(4-[3-cyano-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-{[(2S)-2-isopropylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl]pyrazin-2-yl}piperazin-1-yl)propanoate (149 mg) as a solid.

Example 3

To a mixture of 5-chloro-N-(5-{[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)thiophen-2-yl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)pyrazine-2-carboxamide (300 mg) and N-methylpyrrolidone (6 mL) were added ethyl 3-[(3R)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl]propanoate dihydrochloride (500 mg) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.64 mL), followed by stirring at 90° C. for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate, and washed with water and saturated brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by basic silica gel column chromatography (hexane-ethyl acetate).

To a mixture of the obtained compound, ethanol (6 mL), and tetrahydrofuran (6 mL) was added a 1 M aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (3.5 mL), followed by stirring at 60° C. for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by ODS column chromatography (acetonitrile—0.1% aqueous formic acid solution) to obtain a solid (204 mg). To a mixture of the obtained solid and ethyl acetate was added hydrogen chloride (4 M ethyl acetate solution, 0.25 mL). The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain 3-[(3R)-3-methyl-4-{5-[(5-{[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)thiophen-2-yl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl]pyrazin-2-yl}piperazin-1-yl]propanoic acid dihydrochloride (155 mg) as a solid.

Example 4

To a mixture of 5-chloro-N-(5-{[(2R)-2-methylpiperidin-1-yl]methyl}-4-[3-methyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)pyrazine-2-carboxamide (300 mg) and N-methylpyrrolidone (6 mL) were added ethyl 3-(piperazin-1-yl)propanoate dihydrochloride (250 mg) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.7 mL), followed by stirring at 80° C. for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and water and ethyl acetate were added thereto. The organic layer was separated, washed with water and saturated brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane-ethyl acetate).

To a mixture of the obtained residue, ethanol (5 mL), and tetrahydrofuran (5 mL) was added a 1 M aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (3 mL), followed by stirring at 50° C. for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by ODS column chromatography (acetonitrile-water) to obtain a solid (298 mg). The obtained solid was mixed with hexane (10 mL) and diethyl ether (2 mL), and the solid was collected by filtration to obtain sodium 3-(4-{5-[(5-{[(2R)-2-methylpiperidin-1-yl]methyl}-4-[3-methyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl]pyrazin-2-yl}piperazin-1-yl)propanoate (284 mg) as a solid.

Example 5

A mixture of ethyl 3-[(2R)-4-(5-{[5-(acetoxymethyl)-4-(4-chlorothiophen-2-yl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]carbamoyl}pyrazin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]propanoate (200 mg), dimethylamine (2M tetrahydrofuran solution, 2 mL), and N-methylpyrrolidone (4 mL) was stirred at 80° C. for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate, and washed with water and saturated brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by basic silica gel column chromatography (hexane-ethyl acetate) and purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane-ethyl acetate). The obtained compound was mixed with ethanol (2 mL) and tetrahydrofuran (2 mL), and a 1 M aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (1 mL) was added thereto, followed by stirring at room temperature for 1 hour. To the reaction mixture were added 1 M hydrochloric acid (1 mL) and water, the mixture was extracted with chloroform/isopropanol, and the organic layer was washed with water and saturated brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and then concentrated under reduced pressure. To a mixture of the obtained compound and ethyl acetate was added hydrogen chloride (4 M ethyl acetate solution, 1 mL). The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, and to the residue was added ethyl acetate. The solid was collected by filtration to obtain 3-{(2R)-4-[5-({4-(4-chlorothiophen-2-yl)-5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl}carbamoyl)pyrazin-2-yl]-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl}propanoic acid dihydrochloride (33 mg) as a solid.

Example 6

A mixture of ethyl 3-[4-(5-{[4-(4,5-dimethylthiophen-2-yl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]carbamoyl}pyrazin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]propanoate (400 mg), (2R)-2-methylpyrrolidine (273 mg), a 36% aqueous formaldehyde solution (0.5 mL), and acetic acid (8 mL) was stirred at 60° C. for 1.5 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. To the residue was added a saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by basic silica gel column chromatography (hexane-ethyl acetate).

To a mixture of the obtained compound (452 mg), ethanol (4 mL), and tetrahydrofuran (4 mL) was added a 1 M aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (4 mL), followed by stirring at 50° C. for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and 1 M hydrochloric acid (4 mL) and water were added thereto. The mixture was extracted from chloroform/isopropanol/tetrahydrofuran, and the organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and then concentrated under reduced pressure. To a mixture of the obtained compound and tetrahydrofuran (20 mL) was added hydrogen chloride (4 M dioxane solution, 2 mL). The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, and to the residue was added diethyl ether (20 mL). The solid was collected by filtration to obtain 3-[4-(5-{[4-(4,5-dimethylthiophen-2-yl)-5-{[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]carbamoyl}pyrazin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]propanoic acid trihydrochloride (440 mg) as a solid.

Example 7

To a mixture of N-(4-[4-ethoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-{[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)-5-[(2R)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]pyrazine-2-carboxamide trihydrochloride (300 mg) and N,N-dimethylformamide (5 mL) were added potassium carbonate (300 mg) and ethyl 3-bromopropanoate (0.25 mL), followed by stirring at 60° C. for 1.5 hours. Thereafter, to the reaction mixture were added potassium carbonate (300 mg) and ethyl 3-bromopropanoate (0.25 mL), followed by stirring at 60° C. for 1.5 hours. Again, to the reaction mixture were added potassium carbonate (300 mg) and ethyl 3-bromopropanoate (0.25 mL), followed by stirring at 60° C. for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and water was added thereto, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with saturated brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by basic silica gel column chromatography (hexane-ethyl acetate).

To a mixture of the obtained compound (151 mg), tetrahydrofuran (2 mL), and ethanol (2 mL) was added a 1 M aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (1 mL), followed by stirring at 50° C. for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and 1 M hydrochloric acid (1 mL) and water (15 mL) were added thereto, followed by extracted with chloroform/isopropanol. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and then concentrated under reduced pressure. To a mixture of the obtained compound and tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) was added hydrogen chloride (4 M dioxane solution, 2 mL). The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, and to the residue was added diethyl ether. The solid was collected by filtration to obtain 3-[(3R)-4-{5-[(4-[4-ethoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-{[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl]pyrazin-2-yl}-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl]propanoic acid trihydrochloride (142 mg) as a solid.

Example 8

To a mixture of N-(4-[4-ethoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-{[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)-5-[(2R)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]pyrazine-2-carboxamide trihydrochloride (381 mg) and N,N-dimethylformamide (8 mL) was added potassium carbonate (390 mg), followed by stirring at room temperature for 10 minutes. To the reaction mixture was added ethyl bromoacetate (0.09 mL), followed by stirring at room temperature for 1.5 hours. To the reaction mixture was added ethyl bromoacetate (0.09 mL), followed by stirring at room temperature for 30 minutes. To the reaction mixture was added water, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with saturated brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by basic silica gel column chromatography (hexane-ethyl acetate).

To a mixture of the obtained compound (211 mg), tetrahydrofuran (3 mL), and ethanol (3 mL) was added a 1 M aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (1.5 mL), followed by stirring at 50° C. for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and 1 M hydrochloric acid (1.5 mL) and water (15 mL) were added thereto, followed by extraction with chloroform/isopropanol. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was mixed with tetrahydrofuran (10 mL), and hydrogen chloride (4 M dioxane solution, 2 mL) was added thereto. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, and to the residue was added diethyl ether. The solid was collected by filtration to obtain [(3R)-4-{5-[(4-[4-ethoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-{[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl]pyrazin-2-yl}-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl]acetic acid trihydrochloride (185 mg).

Example 9

To a mixture of 5-[(diethylamino)methyl]-4-[3-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,3-thiazol-2-amine (820 mg), triethylamine (2 mL), and cyclopentylmethyl ether (16 mL) was added 5-chloropyrazine-2-carbonylchloride (590 mg), followed by stirring at room temperature for 20 hours. To the reaction mixture was added water (50 mL), followed by extraction with chloroform. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane-ethyl acetate) to obtain a solid (1.0 g). To a mixture of the obtained compound (200 mg) and N-methylpyrrolidone (4 mL) were added ethyl 3-[(2R)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]propanoate dihydrochloride (168 mg) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.5 mL), followed by stirring at 80° C. for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and water and ethyl acetate were added thereto. The organic layer was separated, washed with water and saturated brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The obtained compound was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane-ethyl acetate).

To a mixture of the obtained compound (249 mg), ethanol (4 mL), and tetrahydrofuran (4 mL) was added a 1 M aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (2 mL), followed by stirring at 50° C. for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and 1 M hydrochloric acid (2 mL) and water (20 mL) were added thereto. The mixture was extracted with chloroform/isopropanol, and the organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was mixed with tetrahydrofuran (10 mL), and hydrogen chloride (4 M dioxane solution, 2 mL) was added thereto. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, and to the residue was added diethyl ether. The solid was collected by filtration to obtain 3-{(2R)-4-[5-({5-[(diethylamino)methyl]-4-[3-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl}carbamoyl)pyrazin-2-yl]-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl}propanoic acid dihydrochloride (251 mg) as a solid.

Example 144

3-[(2S)-4-(5-{[4-(4-Chlorothiophen-2-yl)-5-{[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]carbamoyl}pyrazin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]propanoic acid (500 mg) and maleic acid (148 mg) were dissolved in 2-butanone (0.5 mL) and dimethylsulfoxide (0.5 mL) under stirring at 60° C. To the solution was added 2-butanone (4.0 mL), followed by stirring at 60° C. for 30 minutes. Thereafter, the mixture was left to be slowly cooled to room temperature and stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. The precipitated solid was collected by filtration and dried under reduced pressure to obtain 3-[(2S)-4-(5-{[4-(4-chlorothiophen-2-yl)-5-{[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]carbamoyl}pyrazin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]propanoic acid dimalate (378 mg) as a white crystal.

The crystals obtained in the present Examples have peaks of powder X-ray diffraction at 2θ (°) 5.7, 6.6, 10.5, 12.0, 13.3, 15.8, 16.6, 17.3, 19.0, and 26.2.

The compounds of Preparation Examples and Examples shown in Tables below were produced in the same manner as the methods in Preparation Examples or Examples as described above.

TABLE 5 PEx Structure 1

2

3

4

5

TABLE 6 PEx Structure 6

7

8

9

10

TABLE 7 PEx Structure 11

12

13

14

15

TABLE 8 PEx Structure 16

17

18

19

20

TABLE 9 PEx Structure 21

22

23

24

25

TABLE 10 PEx Structure 26

27

28

29

30

31

32

TABLE 11 PEx Structure 33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

TABLE 12 PEx Structure 41

42

43

44

45

46

TABLE 13 PEx Structure 47

48

49

50

TABLE 14 PEx Structure 51

52

53

54

TABLE 15 PEx Structure 55

56

57

58

TABLE 16 PEx Structure 59

60

61

62

TABLE 17 PEx Structure 63

64

65

66

TABLE 18 PEx Structure 67

68

69

70

71

TABLE 19 PEx Structure 72

73

74

75

76

TABLE 20 PEx Structure 77

78

79

80

81

TABLE 21 PEx Structure 82

83

84

85

86

TABLE 22 PEx Structure 87

88

89

90

TABLE 23 PEx Structure 91

92

93

94

TABLE 24 PEx Structure 95

96

97

98

TABLE 25 PEx Structure  99

100

101

102

TABLE 26 PEx Structure 103

104

105

106

TABLE 27 PEx Structure 107

108

109

110

111

TABLE 28 PEx Structure 112

113

114

115

TABLE 29 PEx Structure 116

117

118

119

120

TABLE 30 PEx Structure 121

122

123

124

125

126

TABLE 31 PEx Structure 127

128

129

130

TABLE 32 PEx Structure 131

132

133

134

TABLE 33 PEx Structure 135

136

137

138

TABLE 34 PEx Structure 139

140

141

142

143

TABLE 35 PEx Structure 144

145

146

147

TABLE 36 PEx Structure 148

149

150

151

152

TABLE 37 PEx Structure 153

154

155

156

157

TABLE 38 PEx Structure 158

159

160

161

162

163

TABLE 39 PEx Structure 164

165

166

167

168

TABLE 40 PEx Structure 169

170

171

172

173

TABLE 41 PEx Structure 174

175

176

177

TABLE 42 PEx Structure 178

179

180

181

182

TABLE 43 PEx Structure 183

184

185

186

187

TABLE 44 PEx Structure 188

189

190

191

192

193

TABLE 45 PEx Structure 194

195

196

197

198

199

TABLE 46 PEx Structure 200

201

202

203

204

205

TABLE 47 PEx Structure 206

207

208

209

210

211

212

TABLE 48 PEx Structure 213

214

215

216

217

TABLE 49 PEx Structure 218

219

220

221

222

TABLE 50 PEx Structure 223

224

225

226

TABLE 51 PEx Structure 227

228

229

230

231

TABLE 52 PEx Structure 232

233

234

235

TABLE 53 PEx Structure 236

237

238

239

TABLE 54 PEx Structure 240

241

242

243

TABLE 55 PEx Structure 244

245

246

247

TABLE 56 PEx Structure 248

249

250

251

TABLE 57 PEx Structure 252

253

254

255

256

257

TABLE 58 PEx Structure 258

259

260

261

262

263

264

TABLE 59 PEx Structure 265

266

267

268

269

270

271

TABLE 60 PEx Structure 272

273

274

275

276

277

278

TABLE 61 PEx Structure 279

280

281

282

283

TABLE 62 PEx Structure 284

285

TABLE 63 PEx PSyn Data 1 PEx1 ESI+: 500, 502 2 PEx2 APCI/ESI+: 488 3 PEx3 NMR-DMSO-d6: 7.55 (1H, d, J = 1.5 Hz), 7.60 (1H, d, J = 1.5 Hz), 7.76 (1H, s), 8.98 (1H, d, J = 1.3 Hz), 9.15 (1H, d, J = 1.3 Hz), 12.68 (1H, brs) 4 PEx4 ESI+: 265 5 PEx5 ESI+: 360 6 PEx6 ESI+: 374 7 PEx7 ESI+: 348 8 PEx8 ESI+: 564 9 PEx9 ESI+: 201 10 PEx10 ESI+: 100 11 PEx11 ESI+: 390 12 PEx12 ESI+: 418, 420 13 PEx13 ESI+: 377 14 PEx14 ESI+: 593, 595 15 PEx15 ESI+: 389 16 PEx16 ESI+: 402 17 PEx17 ESI+: 328 18 PEx18 ESI+: 618 19 PEx19 ESI+: 305 20 PEx20 ESI+: 313, 315 21 PEx21 ESI+: 664 22 PEx22 ESI+: 604 23 PEx23 ESI+: 233 24 PEx24 ESI+: 501 25 PEx25 ESI+: 650 26 PEx26 ESI+: 247 27 PEx27 ESI+: 200 28 PEx28 ESI+: 287 29 PEx29 ESI+: 521, 523 30 PEx30 ESI+: 263 31 PEx31 CI+: 195 32 PEx32 ESI+: 220

TABLE 64 PEx PSyn Data 33 PEx33 ESI+: 219 34 PEx34 ESI+: 222 35 PEx35 ESI+: 250 36 PEx36 CI+: 256, 258 37 PEx37 ESI+: 247 38 PEx38 EI: 228 39 PEx39 APCI/ESI+: 167 40 PEx40 EI: 266, 268 41 PEx41 ESI+: 237 42 PEx42 ESI+: 311 43 PEx43 ESI+: 590 44 PEx44 ESI+: 378 [M + Na]+ 45 PEx45 ESI+: 301 46 PEx1 ESI+: 512, 514 47 PEx1 ESI+: 512 48 PEx1 ESI+: 454 49 PEx1 ESI+: 512 50 PEx1 ESI+: 526, 528 51 PEx1 ESI+: 540, 542 52 PEx1 ESI+: 540, 542 53 PEx1 ESI+: 554, 556 54 PEx1 ESI+: 516, 518 55 PEx1 ESI+: 500 56 PEx1 ESI+: 514, 516 57 PEx1 ESI+: 516, 518 58 PEx1 ESI+: 522 59 PEx1 ESI+: 496, 498 60 PEx1 ESI+: 522, 524 61 PEx1 ESI+: 536, 538 62 PEx1 ESI+: 496, 498 63 PEx1 ESI+: 540, 542 64 PEx1 ESI+: 530 65 PEx1 ESI+: 496 66 PEx1 ESI+: 548

TABLE 65 PEx PSyn Data 67 PEx1 ESI+: 540 68 PEx2 ESI+: 468 69 PEx2 ESI+: 454, 456 70 PEx2 ESI+: 560, 562 71 PEx2 ESI+: 510, 512 72 PEx2 ESI+: 510, 512 73 PEx2 ESI+: 496, 498 74 PEx2 ESI+: 510, 512 75 PEx2 APCI/ESI+: 460 76 PEx2 ESI+: 588, 590 77 PEx2 APCI/ESI+: 498 78 PEx3 ESI+: 434, 436 79 PEx3 ESI+: 448, 450 80 PEx3 ESI+: 514, 516 81 PEx3 ESI+: 514, 516 82 PEx3 ESI+: 502, 504 83 PEx3 ESI+: 502, 504 84 PEx3 ESI+: 500, 502 85 PEx3 ESI+: 514, 516 86 PEx3 ESI+: 502, 504 87 PEx3 ESI+: 554, 556 88 PEx3 ESI+: 468, 470 89 PEx3 ESI+: 513, 515 90 PEx3 ESI+: 415, 417 91 PEx5 ESI+: 372 92 PEx5 ESI−: 312 93 PEx5 ESI+: 372 94 PEx5 ESI+: 376, 378 95 PEx5 ESI+: 360 96 PEx5 ESI+: 374 97 PEx5 ESI+: 400 98 PEx5 ESI+: 356 99 PEx5 ESI+: 382 100 PEx5 ESI+: 396

TABLE 66 PEx PSyn Data 101 PEx5 ESI+: 356 102 PEx5 ESI+: 382 103 PEx5 NMR-DMSO-d6: 1.11 (3H, d, J = 6 Hz), 1.30-1.41 (1H, m), 1.59-1.69 (2H, m), 1.87-1.98 (1H, m), 2.05-2.15 (1H, m), 2.35-2.45 (1H, m), 2.94-3.02 (1H, m), 3.18 (1H, d, J = 14 Hz), 3.97 (3H, d, J = 2 Hz), 3.98 (1H, d, J = 14 Hz), 6.98 (2H, brs), 7.87 (1H, brs), 8.02 (1H, dd, J = 13, 2 Hz) 104 PEx5 NMR-DMSO-d6: 1.14 (3H, d, J = 6 Hz), 1.30-1.42 (1H, m), 1.58-1.70 (2H, m), 1.87-1.98 (1H, m), 2.04-2.14 (1H, m), 2.34-2.44 (1H, m), 2.95-3.03 (1H, m), 3.14 (1H, d, J = 14 Hz), 3.91 (3H, d, J = 1 Hz), 3.98 (1H, d, J = 14 Hz), 6.93 (2H, brs), 7.63 (1H, dd, J = 13, 2 Hz), 7.72 (1H, t, J = 2 Hz) 105 PEx5 NMR-DMSO-d6: 1.08 (3H, d, J = 6 Hz), 1.29-1.41 (1H, m), 1.58-1.70 (2H, m), 1.86-1.97 (1H, m), 2.05-2.17 (1H, m), 2.34-2.45 (1H, m), 2.94-3.03 (1H, m), 3.22 (1H, d, J = 14 Hz), 3.96 (1H, d, J = 14 Hz), 6.96 (2H, brs), 7.42 (1H, t, J = 73 Hz), 7.48 (1H, d, J = 9 Hz), 8.04 (1H, dd, J = 9, 2 Hz), 8.14 (1H, d, J = 2 Hz) 106 PEx5 ESI+: 400 107 PEx5 ESI+: 370 108 PEx5 ESI+: 370 109 PEx5 ESI+: 356 110 PEx5 ESI+: 370 111 PEx5 ESI+: 420, 422 112 PEx5 ESI+: 448, 450 113 PEx6 ESI+: 374 114 PEx6 ESI+: 362 115 PEx6 ESI+: 362 116 PEx7 ESI+: 376, 378 117 PEx7 ESI+: 360 118 PEx7 ESI+: 376 119 PEx7 ESI+: 392 120 PEx7 ESI+: 374 121 PEx7 ESI+: 414 122 PEx9 ESI+: 201

TABLE 67 PEx PSyn Data 123 PEx9 ESI+: 201 124 PEx9 ESI+: 201 125 PEx9 ESI+: 187 126 PEx11 ESI+: 414 127 PEx11 ESI+: 356 128 PEx11 ESI+: 414 129 PEx11 ESI+: 416 130 PEx11 ESI+: 398 131 PEx11 ESI+: 424 132 PEx11 ESI+: 438 133 PEx11 ESI+: 398 134 PEx11 ESI+: 442 135 PEx11 ESI+: 424 136 PEx11 APCI/ESI+: 432 137 PEx11 APCI/ESI+: 398 138 PEx11 ESI+: 450 139 PEx11 ESI+: 442 140 PEx11 ESI+: 412 141 PEx11 ESI+: 412 142 PEx11 ESI+: 398 143 PEx11 ESI+: 412 144 PEx11 ESI+: 462, 464 145 PEx11 ESI+: 490, 492 146 PEx11 ESI+: 416 147 PEx11 ESI+: 416 148 PEx11 ESI+: 404 149 PEx11 ESI+: 404 150 PEx11 ESI+: 402 151 PEx18 ESI+: 632, 634 152 PEx11 ESI+: 418 153 PEx11 ESI+: 434 154 PEx11 ESI+: 416 155 PEx11 ESI+: 456 156 PEx12 ESI+: 418, 420

TABLE 68 PEx PSyn Data 157 PEx13 ESI+: 389 158 PEx13 ESI+: 331 159 PEx13 ESI+: 389 160 PEx13 ESI+: 393 161 PEx13 ESI+: 359 162 PEx13 ESI+: 399 163 PEx13 ESI+: 373 164 PEx13 ESI+: 399 165 PEx13 APCI/ESI+: 407 166 PEx13 APCI/ESI+: 373 167 PEx13 ESI+: 425 168 PEx13 ESI+: 417 169 PEx13 ESI+: 437, 439 170 PEx13 ESI+: 393, 395 171 PEx14 ESI+: 593, 595 172 PEx16 ESI+: 402 173 PEx17 ESI+: 372 174 PEx17 ESI+: 386 175 PEx17 ESI+: 400 176 PEx17 ESI+: 400 177 PEx17 ESI+: 414 178 PEx17 ESI+: 294 179 PEx17 ESI+: 308 180 PEx17 ESI+: 314 181 PEx17 APCI/ESI+: 320 182 PEx17 APCI/ESI+: 348 183 PEx17 APCI/ESI+: 358, 360 184 PEx17 ESI+: 362 185 PEx17 ESI+: 373 186 PEx17 ESI+: 328, 330 187 PEx18 ESI−: 510 188 PEx18 ESI+: 526 189 PEx19 ESI+: 321 190 PEx19 ESI+: 317

TABLE 69 PEx PSyn Data 191 PEx19 ESI+: 317 192 PEx19 ESI+: 259 193 PEx19 ESI+: 321 194 PEx19 ESI+: 317 195 PEx19 ESI+: 305 196 PEx19 ESI+: 287 197 PEx19 ESI+: 327 198 PEx19 ESI+: 301 199 PEx19 ESI+: 327 200 PEx19 ESI+: 335 201 PEx19 ESI+: 301 202 PEx19 ESI+: 353 203 PEx19 ESI+: 345 204 PEx19 ESI+: 365, 367 205 PEx20 NMR-DMSO-d6: 3.87 (3H, s), 8.01 (1H, s), 8.05 (2H, s) 206 PEx20 ESI+: 385 207 PEx20 ESI+: 399 208 PEx20 ESI+: 293 209 PEx20 ESI+: 313, 315 210 PEx20 APCI/ESI+: 319 211 PEx20 APCI/ESI+: 347 212 PEx20 APCI/ESI+: 357 213 PEx20 ESI+: 372 214 PEx21 NMR-DMSO-d6: 1.13-1.26 (9H, m), 1.34-1.45 (1H, m), 1.60-1.76 (2H, m), 1.90-2.12 (2H, m), 2.16-2.28 (2H, m), 2.45-2.70 (5H, m), 2.78-2.85 (1H, m), 2.92-2.99 (1H, m), 3.00-3.07 (1H, m), 3.10-3.22 (1H, m), 3.55- 3.62 (1H, m), 4.01-4.14 (2H, m), 4.15-4.23 (1H, m), 4.26-4.35 (1H, m), 4.66-4.78 (1H, m), 7.45 (1H, d, J = 1.5 Hz), 7.58 (1H, d, J = 1.3 Hz), 8.32 (1H, d, J = 1.1 Hz), 8.75 (1H, d, J = 1.2 Hz), 11.57 (1H, s) 215 PEx21 ESI−: 616 216 PEx22 ESI+: 604 217 PEx22 ESI+: 604 218 PEx24 ESI+: 541, 543

TABLE 70 PEx PSyn Data 219 PEx24 ESI+: 523 220 PEx29 ESI+: 676 221 PEx29 ESI+: 666, 668 222 PEx29 ESI+: 666, 668 223 PEx29 ESI+: 652, 654 224 PEx29 ESI+: 652, 654 225 PEx29 ESI+: 666, 668 226 PEx29 ESI+: 664 227 PEx29 ESI+: 666, 668 228 PEx29 ESI+: 664 229 PEx29 ESI+: 690 230 PEx29 ESI+: 618, 620 231 PEx29 ESI+: 618 232 PEx29 ESI+: 664 233 PEx29 ESI+: 690 234 PEx29 ESI+: 618 235 PEx29 ESI+: 618 236 PEx29 ESI+: 710, 712 237 PEx29 ESI+: 632, 634 238 PEx29 ESI+: 632, 634 239 PEx29 ESI+: 738, 740 240 PEx29 ESI+: 752, 754 241 PEx29 ESI+: 752, 754 242 PEx29 ESI+: 752, 754 243 PEx29 ESI+: 738, 740 244 PEx29 ESI+: 724, 726 245 PEx29 ESI+: 724, 726 246 PEx29 ESI−: 519, 521 247 PEx29 ESI+: 664 248 PEx29 ESI+: 650 249 PEx29 ESI+: 663 250 PEx30 ESI+: 245 251 PEx30 ESI+: 279 252 PEx30 ESI+: 279, 281

TABLE 71 PEx PSyn Data 253 PEx30 ESI+: 263 254 PEx30 ESI+: 275 255 PEx30 ESI+: 275 256 PEx30 ESI+: 303 257 PEx30 ESI+: 303 258 PEx30 ESI+: 259, 261 259 PEx30 ESI+: 275 260 PEx30 ESI+: 285 261 PEx30 ESI+: 293 262 PEx30 ESI+: 275 263 PEx30 ESI+: 289 264 PEx30 ESI+: 285 265 PEx30 ESI+: 259 266 PEx30 ESI+: 323, 325 267 PEx30 ESI+: 197 268 PEx30 ESI+: 217, 219 269 PEx30 APCI/ESI+: 223 270 PEx30 APCI/ESI+: 251 271 PEx30 ESI+: 211 272 PEx30 ESI+: 233 273 PEx30 ESI+: 251, 253 274 PEx30 APCI/ESI+: 261, 263 275 PEx30 ESI+: 276 276 PEx38 EI: 228 277 PEx40 ESI+: 155 278 PEx40 EI: 194, 196 279 PEx41 EI: 202 280 PEx43 ESI+: 604 281 PEx43 ESI+: 604 282 PEx43 ESI+: 618 283 PEx45 ESI+: 301 284 PEx45 ESI+: 301 285 PEx45 ESI+: 301

TABLE 72 Ex Structure 1

2

3

4

5

TABLE 73 Ex Structure 6

7

8

9

TABLE 74 Ex Structure 10

11

12

13

TABLE 75 Ex Structure 14

15

16

17

TABLE 76 Ex Structure 18

19

20

21

22

TABLE 77 Ex Structure 23

24

25

26

27

TABLE 78 Ex Structure 28

29

30

31

32

TABLE 79 Ex Structure 33

34

35

36

TABLE 80 Ex Structure 37

38

39

40

TABLE 81 Ex Structure 41

42

43

44

TABLE 82 Ex Structure 45

46

47

48

TABLE 83 Ex Structure 49

50

51

52

TABLE 84 Ex Structure 53

54

55

56

TABLE 85 Ex Structure 57

58

59

60

TABLE 86 Ex Structure 61

62

63

64

TABLE 87 Ex Structure 65

66

67

68

TABLE 88 Ex Structure 69

70

71

72

TABLE 89 Ex Structure 73

74

75

76

77

TABLE 90 Ex Structure 78

79

80

81

82

TABLE 91 Ex Structure 83

84

85

86

87

TABLE 92 Ex Structure 88

89

90

91

92

TABLE 93 Ex Structure 93

94

95

96

97

TABLE 94 Ex Structure 98

99

100

101

102

TABLE 95 Ex Structure 103

104

105

106

TABLE 96 Ex Structure 107

108

109

110

111

TABLE 97 Ex Structure 112

113

114

115

TABLE 98 Ex Structure 116

117

118

119

TABLE 99 Ex Structure 120

121

122

123

124

TABLE 100 Ex Structure 125

126

127

128

129

130

TABLE 101 Ex Structure 131

132

133

134

TABLE 102 Ex Structure 135

136

137

138

TABLE 103 Ex Structure 139

140

141

142

TABLE 104 Ex Structure 143

144

TABLE 105 Ex. Syn. Data 1 Ex1 ESI+: 590, 592 NMR-DMSO-d6: 1.20-1.52 (6H, m), 1.60-1.81 (1H, m), 1.85- 2.03 (2H, m), 2.15-2.29 (1H, m), 2.77-3.00 (2H, m), 3.09- 3.75 (9H, m), 3.75-4.77 (5H, m), 4.84-4.97 (1H, m), 7.65- 7.71 (1H, m), 7.74 (1H, d, J = 1.3 Hz), 8.48-8.56 (1H, m), 8.79-8.85 (1H, m), 10.60-11.20 (1H, m), 11.45-11.84 (1H, m), 12.20-12.38 (1H, m) 2 Ex2 ESI+: 657 3 Ex3 ESI+: 624 NMR-DMSO-d6: 1.40-1.54 (6H, m), 1.61-1.75 (1H, m), 1.84- 2.04 (2H, m), 2.16-2.28 (1H, m), 2.84-3.12 (3H, m), 3.16- 3.30 (3H, m), 3.46-3.62 (6H, m), 4.55-4.72 (2H, m), 4.94 (1H, d, J = 15 Hz), 5.05 (1H, brs), 7.95 (1H, s), 8.40 (1H, t, J = 1 Hz), 8.47 (1H, s), 8.85 (1H, d, J = 1 Hz), 10.6 (1H, brs), 11.1 (1H, brs), 12.4 (1H, s), 12.7 (1H, brs) 4 Ex4 ESI+: 632 5 Ex5 ESI−: 548, 550 [M − H]− 6 Ex6 ESI+: 570 7 Ex7 ESI+: 662 8 Ex8 ESI+: 648 9 Ex9 ESI+: 624 NMR-DMSO-d6: 1.05-1.15 (6H, m), 1.20-1.52 (3H, m), 2.75- 4.20 (14H, m), 4.40-4.80 (4H, m), 7.80-7.87 (1H, m), 7.88- 7.96 (2H, m), 8.53 (1H, s), 8.84 (1H, s), 10.63 (1H, brs), 11.33-11.76 (1H, m), 12.30-12.42 (1H, m) 10 Ex1 ESI+: 648 11 Ex1 ESI+: 638, 640 12 Ex1 ESI+: 638, 640 13 Ex1 ESI+: 624 14 Ex1 ESI+: 624 15 Ex1 ESI+: 638 16 Ex1 ESI+: 638, 640 17 Ex1 ESI+: 636 18 Ex1 ESI+: 662 19 Ex1 ESI+: 590 20 Ex1 ESI+: 590, 592 21 Ex1 ESI+: 636

TABLE 106 Ex. Syn. Data 22 Ex1 ESI+: 576, 578 NMR-DMSO-d6: 1.34-1.50 (6H, m), 1.62-1.73 (1H, m), 1.84- 2.02 (2H, m), 2.17-2.28 (1H, m), 2.92-4.27 (13H, m), 4.55- 4.69 (2H, m), 4.87-4.96 (1H, m), 5.04 (1H, brs), 7.68 (1H, d, J = 1.4 Hz), 7.74 (1H, d, J = 1.4 Hz), 8.43 (1H, s), 8.84 (1H, d, J = 1.2 Hz), 10.57 (1H, brs), 12.32 (1H, s) 23 Ex1 ESI+: 662 24 Ex1 ESI+: 576, 578 25 Ex1 ESI+: 590 26 Ex1 ESI+: 576 27 Ex1 ESI+: 682, 684 28 Ex1 ESI+: 604 NMR-DMSO-d6: 0.89 (3H, t, J = 7.3 Hz), 1.47 (3H, d, J = 7.1 Hz), 1.60-1.74 (2H, m), 1.83-2.01 (3H, m), 2.16-2.26 (1H, m), 2.85-3.91 (14H, m), 4.58-4.77 (2H, m), 4.87-4.96 (1H, m), 5.02-5.11 (1H, m), 7.70 (1H, d, J = 1.3 Hz), 7.74 (1H, d, J = 1.3 Hz), 8.47 (1H, s), 8.84 (1H, d, J = 1.1 Hz), 10.59 (1H, brs), 11.11 (1H, brs), 12.32 (1H, s) 29 Ex1 ESI+: 604 30 Ex1 ESI+: 636 NMR-DMSO-d6: 1.36 (3H, d, J = 6.4 Hz), 1.44 (3H, d, J = 7.1 Hz), 1.59-1.69 (1H, m), 1.85-1.96 (2H, m), 2.14-2.22 (1H, m), 2.87-3.20 (4H, m), 3.20-3.74 (9H, m), 4.47-4.53 (1H, m), 4.61-4.69 (1H, m), 4.79-4.85 (1H, m), 5.03-5.10 (1H, m), 7.80-7.85 (1H, m), 7.91-7.96 (2H, m), 8.47 (1H, s), 8.86 (1H, d, J = 1.2 Hz), 10.48 (1H, brs), 10.76 (1H, brs), 12.34-12.38 (1H, m) 31 Ex1 ESI+: 604 NMR-DMSO-d6: 0.89 (3H, t, J = 7.4 Hz), 1.18-1.52 (3H, m), 1.58-1.75 (2H, m), 1.81-2.02 (3H, m), 2.14-2.27 (1H, m), 2.78-2.95 (2H, m), 3.07-3.98 (10H, m), 4.37-4.78 (3H, m), 4.85-4.98 (1H, m), 7.69 (1H, s), 7.74 (1H, d, J = 1.2 Hz), 8.52 (1H, s), 8.80-8.84 (1H, m), 10.59 (1H, brs), 11.29-11.79 (1H, m), 12.32 (1H, s), 12.50-13.07 (1H, m)

TABLE 107 Ex. Syn. Data 32 Ex1 ESI+: 622 NMR-DMSO-d6: 1.14-1.51 (6H, m), 1.61-1.78 (1H, m), 1.83- 2.00 (2H, m), 2.11-2.24 (1H, m), 3.00-4.30 (12H, m), 4.48 (1H, dd, J = 7.4, 14.8 Hz), 4.64 (1H, d, J = 14.0 Hz), 4.76 (1H, d, J = 14.5 Hz), 5.07 (1H, brs), 7.77-7.83 (1H, m), 7.90- 8.04 (2H, m), 8.41-8.48 (1H, m), 8.85 (1H, d, J = 1.3 Hz), 11.05-11.60 (1H, m), 12.28-12.42 (1H, m) 33 Ex1 ESI+: 635 NMR-DMSO-d6: 1.36 (3H, d, J = 6.3 Hz), 1.59-1.69 (1H, m), 1.83-1.97 (2H, m), 2.13-2.22 (1H, m), 2.85-2.89 (2H, m), 3.03-3.78 (11H, m), 4.07 (3H, s), 4.39-4.87 (4H, m), 8.38- 8.41 (1H, m), 8.49-8.52 (1H, m), 8.75-8.80 (1H, m), 8.84 (1H, d, J = 1.3 Hz), 10.50 (1H, brs), 10.76-11.73 (1H, m), 12.34 (1H, s), 12.40-12.90 (1H, br) 34 Ex2 ESI+: 629 35 Ex2 ESI+: 671 36 Ex2 ESI+: 671 37 Ex2 ESI+: 671 38 Ex2 ESI+: 657 39 Ex2 ESI+: 643 40 Ex2 ESI+: 643 41 Ex3 ESI+: 634 42 Ex3 ESI−: 646 [M − H]− 43 Ex3 ESI+: 634, 636 44 Ex3 ESI+: 634 45 Ex3 ESI+: 620, 622 46 Ex3 ESI+: 634 47 Ex3 ESI+: 620 48 Ex3 ESI+: 634 49 Ex3 ESI+: 622 NMR-DMSO-d6: 1.34-1.40 (3H, m), 1.58-1.76 (1H, m), 1.83- 1.97 (2H, m), 2.11-2.23 (1H, m), 2.90 (2H, t, J = 7.6 Hz), 3.03-3.97 (13H, m), 4.42-4.56 (1H, m), 4.60-4.87 (3H, m), 7.79-7.85 (1H, m), 7.91-8.00 (2H, m), 8.51 (1H, d, J = 1.2 Hz), 8.85 (1H, d, J = 1.3 Hz), 10.75 (1H, brs), 11.05- 11.45 (1H, m), 12.33-12.41 (1H, m)

TABLE 108 Ex. Syn. Data 50 Ex3 ESI+: 576, 578 NMR-DMSO-d6: 1.44 (3H, d, J = 6.5 Hz), 1.62-1.73 (1H, m), 1.84-2.02 (2H, m), 2.17-2.28 (1H, m), 2.90 (2H, t, J = 7.7 Hz), 3.08-3.23 (3H, m), 3.30-3.39 (2H, m), 3.42-4.07 (8H, m), 4.56-4.77 (3H, m), 4.88-4.96 (1H, m), 7.68 (1H, d, J = 1.4 Hz), 7.74 (1H, d, J = 1.4 Hz), 8.51 (1H, d, J = 1.2 Hz), 8.83 (1H, d, J = 1.2 Hz), 10.45-11.00 (1H, m), 11.44 (1H, brs), 12.26-12.43 (1H, m) 51 Ex3 ESI+: 562 52 Ex3 ESI+: 634 53 Ex3 ESI+: 620 54 Ex3 ESI+: 648 55 Ex3 ESI+: 662 56 Ex3 ESI+: 662 57 Ex3 ESI+: 662 58 Ex3 ESI+: 676 59 Ex3 ESI+: 676 60 Ex3 ESI+: 622 61 Ex3 ESI+: 608 62 Ex3 ESI+: 622 63 Ex3 ESI+: 644 64 Ex3 ESI+: 622 65 Ex3 ESI+: 618 66 Ex3 ESI+: 604 67 Ex3 ESI+: 644 68 Ex3 ESI+: 630 69 Ex3 ESI+: 658 70 Ex3 ESI+: 644 71 Ex3 ESI+: 604 72 Ex3 ESI+: 652 73 Ex3 ESI+: 618 74 Ex3 ESI+: 632, 634 75 Ex3 ESI+: 662 76 Ex3 ESI+: 670 77 Ex3 ESI+: 556 78 Ex3 ESI+: 570

TABLE 109 Ex. Syn. Data 79 Ex3 ESI+: 590 80 Ex3 ESI+: 590, 592 NMR-DMSO-d6: 0.89 (3H, t, J = 7.4 Hz), 1.58-1.72 (2H, m), 1.82-2.02 (3H, m), 2.16-2.27 (1H, m), 2.89 (2H, t, J = 7.6 Hz), 3.06-3.70 (13H, m), 4.60-4.78 (3H, m), 4.89-4.98 (1H, m), 7.69 (1H, d, J = 1.3 Hz), 7.74 (1H, d, J = 1.4 Hz), 8.51 (1H, d, J = 1.2 Hz), 8.84 (1H, d, J = 1.3 Hz), 10.43 (1H, brs), 11.30 (1H, brs), 12.35 (1H, s) 81 Ex3 ESI+: 604, 606 82 Ex3 ESI+: 576 83 Ex3 ESI+: 562 84 Ex3 ESI+: 590 85 Ex3 ESI+: 568 86 Ex3 ESI+: 582 87 Ex3 ESI+: 596 88 Ex3 ESI+: 596 89 Ex3 ESI+: 596 90 Ex3 ESI+: 596 91 Ex3 ESI+: 666 92 Ex3 ESI+: 666 93 Ex3 ESI+: 638 94 Ex3 ESI+: 610 95 Ex3 ESI+: 624 96 Ex3 ESI+: 624 97 Ex3 ESI+: 620, 622 98 Ex3 ESI+: 636, 638 99 Ex3 ESI+: 634, 636 100 Ex3 ESI+: 624 101 Ex3 ESI+: 634 102 Ex3 ESI+: 634 103 Ex3 ESI+: 596 104 Ex3 ESI+: 650 105 Ex3 ESI+: 650 106 Ex3 ESI+: 624

TABLE 110 Ex. Syn. Data 107 Ex3 ESI+: 624 NMR-DMSO-d6: 0.85 (3H, d, J = 6.6 Hz), 0.90 (3H, d, J = 6.5 Hz), 1.90-2.00 (1H, m), 2.60-2.71 (3H, m), 2.71-2.81 (2H, m), 2.91 (2H, t, J = 7.7 Hz), 3.05-3.25 (2H, m), 3.28- 3.38 (2H, m), 3.49-3.67 (4H, m), 3.80-4.82 (5H, m), 7.82- 7.90 (3H, m), 8.51 (1H, d, J = 1.2 Hz), 8.85 (1H, d, J = 1.3 Hz), 10.25 (1H, brs), 11.62 (1H, brs), 12.36 (1H, s) 108 Ex3 ESI+: 622 109 Ex9 ESI+: 610 110 Ex3 ESI+: 636 111 Ex3 ESI+: 624 NMR-DMSO-d6: 1.27 (3H, d, J = 6.8 Hz), 1.42 (3H, d, J = 6.5 Hz), 1.55-1.80 (2H, m), 2.12-2.34 (2H, m), 2.92 (2H, t, J = 7.7 Hz), 3.05-3.25 (2H, m), 3.25-3.40 (2H, m), 3.48- 3.79 (5H, m), 3.82-3.97 (1H, m), 4.51 (1H, dd, J = 7.2, 15.3 Hz), 4.59-4.83 (3H, m), 4.90-6.65 (2H, m), 7.96-7.99 (1H, m), 8.39-8.42 (1H, m), 8.49-8.53 (1H, m), 8.84 (1H, d, J = 1.3 Hz), 10.99 (1H, brs), 11.75 (1H, brs), 12.37 (1H, s) 112 Ex3 ESI+: 676 113 Ex3 ESI+: 690 114 Ex3 ESI−: 588, 590 [M − H]− 115 Ex3 ESI−: 602, 604 [M − H]− 116 Ex3 ESI−: 602, 604 [M − H]− 117 Ex3 ESI−: 602, 604 [M − H]− 118 Ex9 ESI+: 610 NMR-DMSO-d6: 1.06-1.14 (6H, m), 1.43 (3H, d, J = 6.8 Hz), 2.92-3.15 (4H, m), 3.16-3.45 (2H, m), 3.51-3.75 (4H, m), 3.80-4.84 (6H, m), 4.97-5.24 (1H, m), 7.80-7.86 (1H, m), 7.87-7.97 (2H, m), 8.42-8.48 (1H, m), 8.86 (1H, d, J = 1.2 Hz), 10.00-11.50 (2H, m), 12.37 (1H, s) 119 Ex3 ESI+: 636 NMR-DMSO-d6: 1.21 (3H, d, J = 6.8 Hz), 1.40 (3H, d, J = 6.5 Hz), 1.60-1.71 (2H, m), 2.17-2.30 (2H, m), 2.91 (2H, t, J = 7.7 Hz), 3.08-3.25 (2H, m), 3.29-3.37 (2H, m), 3.50- 3.70 (4H, m), 3.87-3.98 (1H, m), 4.38 (1H, dd, J = 7.5, 15.3 Hz), 4.50-6.00 (5H, m), 7.79-7.85 (1H, m), 7.94-8.00 (2H, m), 8.51 (1H, d, J = 1.2 Hz), 8.85 (1H, d, J = 1.3 Hz), 11.08 (1H, brs), 11.63 (1H, brs), 12.37 (1H, s)

TABLE 111 Ex. Syn. Data 120 Ex3 ESI+: 622 NMR-DMSO-d6: 1.22 (3H, d, J = 6.8 Hz), 1.41 (3H, d, J = 6.5 Hz), 1.57-1.75 (2H, m), 2.12-2.33 (2H, m), 3.11-4.03 (7H, m), 4.20 (2H, s), 4.25-5.21 (7H, m), 7.78-7.85 (1H, m), 7.95-8.03 (2H, m), 8.50 (1H, d, J = 1.2 Hz), 8.85 (1H, d, J = 1.3 Hz), 10.60-11.70 (2H, m), 12.38 (1H, s) 121 Ex3 ESI+: 650 122 Ex3 ESI+: 632 123 Ex4 ESI+: 604 124 Ex4 ESI+: 632 125 Ex5 ESI−: 576, 578 [M − H]− 126 Ex5 ESI−: 602, 604 [M − H]− 127 Ex5 ESI−: 576, 578 [M − H]− 128 Ex5 ESI−: 588, 590 [M − H]− 129 Ex5 ESI−: 576, 578 [M − H]− 130 Ex5 ESI−: 588, 590 [M − H]− NMR-DMSO-d6: 0.33-0.54 (2H, m), 0.60-0.72 (2H, m), 1.13-1.50 (4H, m), 2.75-2.81 (3H, m), 2.81-3.07 (3H, m), 3.11-3.74 (7H, m), 3.74-4.94 (7H, m), 7.68 (1H, d, J = 1.4 Hz), 7.74 (1H, d, J = 1.4 Hz), 8.47-8.57 (1H, m), 8.78-8.86 (1H, m), 10.58 (1H, brs), 11.33-11.77 (1H, m), 12.22-12.42 (1H, m) 131 Ex6 ESI+: 610, 612 132 Ex6 ESI+: 592 133 Ex7 ESI+: 676 134 Ex7 ESI+: 676 135 Ex7 ESI+: 690 136 Ex8 ESI+: 662 137 Ex8 ESI+: 676 138 Ex9 ESI+: 638 139 Ex9 ESI+: 654 140 Ex1 ESI+: 636 [M + H]+ NMR-DMSO-d6: 1.34-1.41 (3H, m), 1.47 (3H, d, J = 7.0 Hz), 1.60-1.74 (1H, m), 1.86-1.97 (2H, m), 2.11-2.23 (1H, m), 2.81-4.17 (15H, m), 4.43-4.54 (1H, m), 4.61-4.71 (1H, m), 4.75-4.84 (1H, m), 5.01-5.12 (1H, m), 7.79-7.84 (1H, m), 7.91-8.00 (2H, m), 8.45-8.49 (1H, m), 8.85 (1H, d, J = 1.2 Hz), 10.85 (1H, brs), 10.95-11.31 (1H, m), 12.30-12.41 (1H, m)

TABLE 112 Ex. Syn. Data 141 Ex1 ESI+: 622 [M + H]+ NMR-DMSO-d6: 1.34-1.47 (6H, m), 1.60-1.74 (1H, m), 1.86-1.97 (2H, m), 2.11-2.23 (1H, m), 3.10-4.29 (13H, m), 4.42-4.54 (1H, m), 4.57-4.72 (1H, m), 4.74- 4.83 (1H, m), 5.09 (1H, brs), 7.78-7.85 (1H, m), 7.91- 8.02 (2H, m), 8.45 (1H, s), 8.86 (1H, d, J = 1.3 Hz), 10.75-11.42 (1H, m), 12.32-12.41 (1H, m) 142 Ex3 ESI+: 590, 592 [M + H]+ NMR-DMSO-d6: 1.21-1.31 (1H, m), 1.35-1.49 (6H, m), 1.61-1.74 (1H, m), 1.84-2.02 (2H, m), 2.13-2.29 (1H, m), 2.79-2.98 (2H, m), 3.10-3.98 (10H, m), 4.40-4.77 (3H, m), 4.87-4.98 (1H, m), 7.67 (1H, d, J = 1.3 Hz), 7.74 (1H, d, J = 1.3 Hz), 8.52 (1H, s), 8.82 (1H, s), 10.39-10.97 (1H, m), 11.25-11.65 (1H, m), 12.25-12.42 (1H, m), 12.56-13.02 (1H, br) 143 Ex3 ESI+: 604, 606 [M + H]+ NMR-DMSO-d6: 0.89 (3H, t, J = 7.4 Hz), 1.22-1.30 (1H, m), 1.40-1.49 (2H, m), 1.59-1.73 (2H, m), 1.83- 2.03 (3H, m), 2.14-2.27 (1H, m), 2.80-2.97 (2H, m), 3.10-3.95 (12H, m), 4.42-4.79 (3H , m), 4.88-4.97 (1H, m), 7.69 (1H, d, J = 1.3 Hz), 7.74 (1H, d, J = 1.3 Hz), 8.52 (1H, s), 8.83 (1H, s), 10.38-11.04 (1H, m), 11.20- 11.74 (1H, m), 12.21-13.19 (2H, m) 144 Ex144 ESI+: 590, 592 [M + H]+ NMR-DMSO-d6: 1.13-1.45 (6H, m), 1.46-2.29 (4H, m), 2.53-2.70 (2H, m), 2.80-3.84 (14H, m), 4.00-5.18 (4H, m), 6.09 (4H, s), 7.57 (1H , s), 7.71 (1H, s), 8.47 (1H, s), 8.79 (1H, d, J = 1.2 Hz), 9.15-10.50 (1H, m), 11.70-12.50 (1H, m)

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

The compound of the formula (I) or a salt thereof is a muscarinic M₃ receptor-positive allosteric modulator, and can thus be used as an agent for preventing or treating bladder/urinary tract diseases associated with bladder contractions via a muscarinic M₃ receptor. 

1: A compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof:

wherein R¹ is —N(—R¹¹)(—R¹²), or optionally-substituted cyclic amino, R¹¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl, R¹² is optionally-substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, or optionally-substituted C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, R² is optionally-substituted aryl, optionally-substituted monocyclic aromatic hetero ring, or optionally-substituted bicyclic aromatic hetero ring, each R³ if present is, independently, C₁₋₆ alkyl, W is C₁₋₆ alkylene, and n is an integer of 0 to
 4. 2: The compound or a salt thereof according to claim 1, wherein R¹ is cyclic amino optionally substituted with 1 to 5 of substituent G and/or an oxo substituent, or R¹ is —N(—R¹¹)(—R¹²), R¹¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl, R¹² is C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of —OH, —O—C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of —OH, —O—(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —CN, —SO₂—(C₁₋₆ alkyl), and halogen, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —O—(C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl), halogen, —CN, and a saturated hetero ring, R² is phenyl optionally substituted with 1 to 5 substituents G, thienyl optionally substituted with 1 to 3 substituents G, pyridyl optionally substituted with 1 to 3 substituents G, or benzothienyl optionally substituted with 1 to 5 substituents G, and each substituent G is a substituent selected from the group consisting of: C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of —OH, —O—(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —CN, —SO₂—(C₁₋₆ alkyl), and halogen, —OH, —O—C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted with at least one group selected from the group consisting of —OH, —O—(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —CN, —SO₂—(C₁₋₆ alkyl), and halogen, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —O—(C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl), halogen, —CN, —SO₂—(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —CO₂—(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —COOH, —CO—N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —CO—NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —CONH₂, —CO—(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —SO—N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —SO₂—NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —SO₂NH₂, N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —NH₂, a saturated hetero ring, and —O-saturated hetero ring. 3: The compound or a salt thereof according to claim 2, wherein R¹ is pyrrolidin-1-yl or piperidin-1-yl, each substituted with 1 to 2 substituents selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ alkyl and halogeno-C₁₋₆ alkyl, or wherein R¹ is —N(—R¹¹)(—R¹²), R¹¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl, and R¹² is C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one group selected from the group consisting of C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl and —O—(C₁₋₆ alkyl), R² is phenyl optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogeno-C₁₋₆ alkyl, —O—(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —O-(halogeno-C₁₋₆ alkyl), halogen, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —CN; thienyl optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogeno-C₁₋₆ alkyl, —O—(C₁₋₆ alkyl), C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and halogen; pyridyl optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogeno-C₁₋₆ alkyl, —O—(C₁₋₆ alkyl), C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and halogen; or benzothienyl, W is C₁₋₃ alkylene, and n is 0 or
 1. 4: The compound or a salt thereof according to claim 3, wherein R² is phenyl di-substituted with trifluoromethyl and fluoro, thienyl mono-substituted with trifluoromethyl or chloro, or pyridyl di-substituted with trifluoromethyl and methoxy, and W is methylene or ethylene. 5: The compound or a salt thereof according to claim 3, wherein R¹ is pyrrolidin-1-yl or piperidin-1-yl, each substituted with 1 to 2 substituents selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ alkyl and halogeno-C₁₋₆ alkyl, R² is thienyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from the group consisting of halogeno-C₁₋₆ alkyl and halogen, or wherein R² is phenyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from the group consisting of halogeno-C₁₋₆ alkyl and halogen, and W is methylene or ethylene. 6: The compound or a salt thereof according to claim 1, wherein the compound is a compound selected from the group consisting of: 3-[(2S)-4-(5-{[4-(4-chlorothiophen-2-yl)-5-{[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]carbamoyl}pyrazin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]propanoic acid, 3-[(3R)-4-{5-[(4-[3-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-{[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl]pyrazin-2-yl}-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl]propanoic acid, [(3R)-4-{5-[(4-[3-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5{[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl]pyrazin-2-yl}-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl]acetic acid, 3-(4-{5-[(4-[3-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-{[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl]pyrazin-2-yl}piperazin-1-yl)propanoic acid, 3-[(2R)-4-(5-{[4-(4-chlorothiophen-2-yl)-5-{[(2R)-2-ethylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]carbamoyl}pyrazin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]propanoic acid, 3-[(3R)-3-methyl-4-{5-[(5-{[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)thiophen-2-yl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl]pyrazin-2-yl}piperazin-1-yl]propanoic acid, 3-(4-{5-[(5-{[(2R,5R)-2,5-dimethylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-4-[3-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl]pyrazin-2-yl}piperazin-1-yl)propanoic acid, and 3-{(2R)-4-[5-({5-[(diethylamino)methyl]-4-[3-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl}carbamoyl)pyrazin-2-yl]-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl}propanoic acid. 7: A pharmaceutical composition, comprising: the compound or a salt thereof according to claim 1; and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. 8: A pharmaceutical composition, comprising: the compound or a salt thereof according to claim 1; and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the compound or a salt thereof according to claim 1 is included in an amount effective to prevent or treat a bladder/urinary tract disease associated with bladder contractions via a muscarinic M₁ receptor. 9-12. (canceled) 13: A method for preventing or treating a bladder/urinary tract disease associated with bladder contractions via a muscarinic M₃ receptor, the method comprising: administering, to a subject in need thereof, an effective amount of the compound or a salt thereof according to claim
 1. 14: The method according to claim 13, wherein the bladder/urinary tract disease associated with bladder contractions via a muscarinic M₃ receptor is voiding dysfunction or urine storage dysfunction in underactive bladder, hypotonic bladder, acontractile bladder, detrusor underactivity, or neurogenic bladder. 15: The compound or a salt thereof according to claim 6, wherein the compound is 3-[(2S)-4-(5-{[4-(4-chlorothiophen-2-yl)-5-{[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]carbamoyl}pyrazin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]propanoic acid. 16: The compound or a salt thereof according to claim 6, wherein the compound is 3-[(3R)-4-{5-[(4-[3-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-{[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl]pyrazin-2-yl}-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl]propanoic acid. 17: The compound or a salt thereof according to claim 6, wherein the compound is [(3R)-4-{5-[(4-[3-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-{[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl]pyrazin-2-yl}-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl]acetic acid. 18: The compound or a salt thereof according to claim 6, wherein the compound is 3-(4-{5-[(4-[3-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-{[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl]pyrazin-2-yl}piperazin-1-yl)propanoic acid. 19: The compound or a salt thereof according to claim 6, wherein the compound is 3-[(2R)-4-(5-{[4-(4-chlorothiophen-2-yl)-5-{[(2R)-2-ethylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]carbamoyl}pyrazin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]propanoic acid. 20: The compound or a salt thereof according to claim 6, wherein the compound is 3-[(3R)-3-methyl-4-({5-[(5-{[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)thiophen-2-yl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl]pyrazin-2-yl}piperazin-1-yl]propanoic acid. 21: The compound or a salt thereof according to claim 6, wherein the compound is 3-(4-{5-[(5-{[(2R,5R)-2,5-dimethylpyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}-4-[3-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl]pyrazin-2-yl}piperazin-1-yl)propanoic acid. 22: The compound or a salt thereof according to claim 6, wherein the compound is 3-{(2R)-4-[5-({5-[(diethylamino)methyl]-4-[3-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl}carbamoyl)pyrazin-2-yl]-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl}propanoic acid. 